Malay orthography

The modern Malay or Indonesian alphabet (Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore: Tulisan Rumi, literally "Roman script" or "Roman writing", Indonesia: Aksara Latin, literally "Latin script"), consists of the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet.^[1] It is the more common of the two alphabets used today to write the Malay language, the other being Jawi (a modified Arabic script). The Latin Malay alphabet is the official Malay script in Indonesia (as Indonesian), Malaysia (also called Malaysian) and Singapore, while it is co-official with Jawi in Brunei.

Historically, various scripts such as Pallava, Kawi and Rencong were used to write Old Malay, until they were replaced by Jawi during Islamic missionary mission in Malay Archipelago. And then later, the arrival of European colonial powers brought the Latin alphabet to the Malay Archipelago.

As the Malay-speaking countries were divided between two colonial administrations (the Dutch and the British), two major different spelling orthographies were developed in the Dutch East Indies and British Malaya respectively, influenced by the orthographies of their respective colonial tongues.^{[citation needed]} The Soewandi Spelling System (or the Republic Spelling System after independence), used in the Dutch East Indies and later in independent Indonesia until 1972, was based on the Dutch alphabet. In 1972, as part of the effort of harmonizing spelling differences between the two countries, Indonesia and Malaysia each adopted a spelling reform plan, called the Perfected Spelling System (Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan) in Indonesia and the New Rumi Spelling (Ejaan Rumi Baharu)^[2] in Malaysia.

Although the representations of speech sounds are now largely identical in the Indonesian and Malaysian varieties, a number of minor spelling differences remain.^{[citation needed]}

Letter names and pronunciations[]

Enhanced Indonesian Spelling System (Indonesian: Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan, abbreviated as EYD), New Rumi Spelling (Malay: Ejaan Rumi Baharu).

The names of letters differ between Indonesia and rest of the Malay-speaking countries. Indonesia largely follows the letter pronunciation of the Dutch alphabet, while Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore follow the English alphabet pronunciation.

Regardless of the pronunciation, however, the letters represent the same spelling in all Malay-speaking countries. The Malay alphabet has a phonemic orthography; words are spelled the way they are pronounced, with few exceptions like the distinctions between /ə/ and /e/ where it both written as Ee. The letters Q, V and X are rarely encountered, being chiefly used for writing loanwords.

* Many vowels are pronounced (and were formerly spelt) differently in Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra (where Malay is native): tujuh is pronounced (and was spelt) tujoh, rambut as rambot, kain as kaen, pilih as pileh, etc., [e] and [o] are also allophones of /i/ and /u/ in closed final syllables in peninsular Malaysian and Sumatran. Many vowels were pronounced and formerly spelt differently that way also in East Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia.

In addition, there are digraphs that are not considered separate letters of the alphabet:^[3]

Pre-1972 spelling system[]

Pre-1972 British Malaya and Borneo/Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore orthography[]

Pre-1972 Dutch East Indies/Indonesia orthography[]

Comparison table[]

See also[]

• Jawi alphabet
• Congress Spelling System
• Javanese orthography

References[]

External links[]

• Malay alphabet
• Omniglot
• Coba-coba(Cuba-cuba) Indonesian & Malay
• Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Melayu