Sinopa

Sinopa; Temporal range: 50.5–39.7 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Early to Middle Eocene
	Sinopa major skeleton
	Sinopa rapax skeleton
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	†Hyaenodonta
Family:	†
Genus:	†Sinopa; Leidy, 1871
Type species
	†Sinopa rapax; Leidy, 1871
Species
	†Sinopa jilinia (Morlo, 2014); †Sinopa lania (Matthew, 1909); †Sinopa longipes (Peterson, 1919); †Sinopa major (Wortman, 1902); †Sinopa minor (Wortman, 1902); †Sinopa piercei (Bown, 1982); †Sinopa pungens (Cope, 1872); †Sinopa rapax (Leidy, 1871);
Synonyms
	synonyms of genus: Mimocyon (Peterson, 1919) ; Proviverroides (Bown, 1982) ; Stypolophus (Cope, 1872) ; Triacodon (Marsh, 1871) ; synonyms of species: S. longipes: Miacis longipes (Simpson, 1945) ; Mimocyon longipes (Peterson, 1919) ; Proviverra longipes (Dawson, 1980) ; ; S. major: Proviverra grangeri (Van Valen, 1965) ; Proviverra major (Gustafson, 1986) ; Sinopa grangeri (Matthew, 1906) ; ; S. minor: Proviverra minor (Van Valen, 1965) ; ; S. piercei: Proviverroides piercei (Bown, 1982) ; ; S. pungens: Proviverra pungens (Van Valen, 1965) ; Stypolophus pungens (Cope, 1872) ; ; S. rapax: Proviverra rapax (Van Valen, 1965) ; Sinopa aculeatus (Cope, 1871) ; Stypolophus aculeatus (Cope, 1872) ; Stypolophus rapax ; Triacodon aculeatus (Cope, 1872) ; Triacodon fallax (Marsh, 1872) ; ;

Sinopa ("swift fox") is a genus of hyaenodontid mammal from family , that lived in North America and Asia during the early to middle Eocene.^[11]^[12]

Description[]

Sinopa was a small genus of hyaenodontid mammals. Its carnassial teeth were the second upper molar and the lower third. Sinopa species had an estimated weight of 1.33 to 13.97 kilograms.^[13] The type specimen was found in the Bridger formation in Uinta County, Wyoming, and existed 50.3 to 46.2 million years ago.

Taxonomy[]

The putative African species from Egypt was considered a species of Metasinopa by Savage (1965), although Holroyd (1994) considered it a potential new genus related to .^[14]

Phylogeny[]

The phylogenetic relationships of genus Sinopa are shown in the following cladogram.^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]

†Hyaenodonta

†

	†

	†Hyaenodonta sp. (Quarry L-41, Fayum, Egypt)

	†Lahimia

†

†Sinopa

	†Sinopa major

?	†Sinopa sp. A (AMNH FM 11538)

†Sinopa jilinia

†Sinopa longipes

	†Sinopa lania

	†Sinopa rapax

†Sinopa minor

†Sinopa pungens

†Sinopa piercei

	†

	†

	†

†

†

†

	†

	†

†

	†

	†

†

	†

	†Pyrocyon

†Galecyon

	†

	†

†

	†

	†Tritemnodon

†

†

†

†Teratodontidae

†

†

†Orienspterodon

†

	†Hemipsalodon

?	†

†Akhnatenavus clade

†

	†

	†

†

†
	†Pterodontina

	†

†Falcatodon

†Sectisodon

	†Exiguodon

	†Isohyaenodon zadoki

†Isohyaenodon
(†Isohyaenodontina)

†Isohyaenodon andrewsi

	†Sivapterodon

	†Hyainailouros bugtiensis

†Hyainailouros napakensis

†Hyainailouros

	†Hyainailouros sulzeri

	†Hyainailourinae sp. (Arrdrift)

†Simbakubwa

	†

	†Metapterodontini

	†Megistotherium

	†

†

†

Hyainailouridae

†Lahimia clade

†Sinopa clade

†Arfia clade

†Galecyon clade

†Indohyaenodon clade

†Tritemnodon clade

References[]

^ M. Morlo, K. Bastl, W. Wu and S. F. K. Schaal (2014.) "The first species of Sinopa (Hyaenodontida, Mammalia) from outside of North America: implications for the history of the genus in the Eocene of Asia and North America." Palaeontology 57(1):111-125
^ W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
^ O. A. Peterson (1919.) "Report Upon the Material Discovered in the Upper Eocene of the Uinta Basin by Earl Douglas in the Years 1908-1909, and by O. A. Peterson in 1912." Annals of Carnegie Museum 12(2):40-168
^ J. L. Wortman (1902.) "Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum." The American Journal of Science, series 4 14(79):17-23
^ T. M. Bown (1982.) "Geology, Paleontology, and Correlation of Eocene Volcaniclastic Rocks, Southeast Absaroka Range, Hot Springs County, Wyoming." United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1201-A:A1-A75
^ E. D. Cope (1872.) "Second account of new Vertebrata from the Bridger Eocene." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (separate) 1-3
^ J. Alroy (2002.) "Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals."
^ L. Van Valen (1965.) "Some European Proviverrini (Mammalia, Deltatheridia)." Palaeontology 8(4):638-665
^ E. P. Gustafson (1986.) "Carnivorous mammals of the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene of Trans-Pecos Texas." Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin 33:1-66
^ E. D. Cope (1871.) "Descriptions of some new Vertebrata from the Bridger Group of the Eocene." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 12:460-465
^ "Sinopa". The Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
^ Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). "Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1–115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.
^ Egi, Naoko (2001). "Body mass estimates in extinct mammals from limb bone dimensions: the case of North American hyaenodontids" (PDF). Palaeontology. 44 (3): 497–528.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
^ Lewis, M. E., Morlo, M. (2010): Creodonta. – In : Werdelin, L., Sanders, W. (eds), Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 543–560. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520257214.003.0026
^ G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Creotonda." In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals"
^ Borths, Matthew R; Stevens, Nancy J (2017). "Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)". Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776.
^ Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). "Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.
^ Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). "The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian". Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185–214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.
^ Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). "New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene". Geobios. in press. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004. ISSN 0016-6995.

Media related to Sinopa at Wikimedia Commons

[1] M. Morlo, K. Bastl, W. Wu and S. F. K. Schaal (2014.) "The first species of Sinopa (Hyaenodontida, Mammalia) from outside of North America: implications for the history of the genus in the Eocene of Asia and North America." Palaeontology 57(1):111-125

[2] W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567

[3] O. A. Peterson (1919.) "Report Upon the Material Discovered in the Upper Eocene of the Uinta Basin by Earl Douglas in the Years 1908-1909, and by O. A. Peterson in 1912." Annals of Carnegie Museum 12(2):40-168

[4] J. L. Wortman (1902.) "Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum." The American Journal of Science, series 4 14(79):17-23

[5] T. M. Bown (1982.) "Geology, Paleontology, and Correlation of Eocene Volcaniclastic Rocks, Southeast Absaroka Range, Hot Springs County, Wyoming." United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1201-A:A1-A75

[6] E. D. Cope (1872.) "Second account of new Vertebrata from the Bridger Eocene." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (separate) 1-3

[7] J. Alroy (2002.) "Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals."

[8] L. Van Valen (1965.) "Some European Proviverrini (Mammalia, Deltatheridia)." Palaeontology 8(4):638-665

[9] E. P. Gustafson (1986.) "Carnivorous mammals of the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene of Trans-Pecos Texas." Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin 33:1-66

[10] E. D. Cope (1871.) "Descriptions of some new Vertebrata from the Bridger Group of the Eocene." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 12:460-465

[11] "Sinopa". The Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 3 May 2011.

[12] Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). "Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1–115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.

[13] Egi, Naoko (2001). "Body mass estimates in extinct mammals from limb bone dimensions: the case of North American hyaenodontids" (PDF). Palaeontology. 44 (3): 497–528.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)

[14] Lewis, M. E., Morlo, M. (2010): Creodonta. – In : Werdelin, L., Sanders, W. (eds), Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 543–560. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520257214.003.0026

[Gunnell1998-15] G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Creotonda." In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals"

[Matthew2017-16] Borths, Matthew R; Stevens, Nancy J (2017). "Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)". Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776.

[Simbakubwa-17] Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). "Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.

[Geodiversitas4213-18] Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). "The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian". Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185–214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.

[hyaenodontsGeobios-19] Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). "New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene". Geobios. in press. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004. ISSN 0016-6995.

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Sinopa Temporal range: 50.5–39.7 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Early to Middle Eocene

Sinopa major skeleton

Sinopa rapax skeleton
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	†Hyaenodonta
Family:	†
Genus:	†Sinopa Leidy, 1871
Type species
†Sinopa rapax Leidy, 1871
Species
†Sinopa jilinia (Morlo, 2014)^[1] †Sinopa lania (Matthew, 1909)^[2] †Sinopa longipes (Peterson, 1919)^[3] †Sinopa major (Wortman, 1902)^[4] †Sinopa minor (Wortman, 1902) †Sinopa piercei (Bown, 1982)^[5] †Sinopa pungens (Cope, 1872)^[6] †Sinopa rapax (Leidy, 1871)
Synonyms^[7]
synonyms of genus: Mimocyon (Peterson, 1919) Proviverroides (Bown, 1982) Stypolophus (Cope, 1872) Triacodon (Marsh, 1871) synonyms of species: S. longipes: Miacis longipes (Simpson, 1945) Mimocyon longipes (Peterson, 1919) Proviverra longipes (Dawson, 1980) S. major: Proviverra grangeri (Van Valen, 1965)^[8] Proviverra major (Gustafson, 1986)^[9] Sinopa grangeri (Matthew, 1906) S. minor: Proviverra minor (Van Valen, 1965) S. piercei: Proviverroides piercei (Bown, 1982) S. pungens: Proviverra pungens (Van Valen, 1965) Stypolophus pungens (Cope, 1872) S. rapax: Proviverra rapax (Van Valen, 1965) Sinopa aculeatus (Cope, 1871)^[10] Stypolophus aculeatus (Cope, 1872) Stypolophus rapax Triacodon aculeatus (Cope, 1872) Triacodon fallax (Marsh, 1872)