1769

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Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
  • 1766
  • 1767
  • 1768
  • 1769
  • 1770
  • 1771
  • 1772
1769 by topic
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1769 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1769
MDCCLXIX
Ab urbe condita2522
Armenian calendar1218
ԹՎ ՌՄԺԸ
Assyrian calendar6519
Balinese saka calendar1690–1691
Bengali calendar1176
Berber calendar2719
British Regnal year9 Geo. 3 – 10 Geo. 3
Buddhist calendar2313
Burmese calendar1131
Byzantine calendar7277–7278
Chinese calendar戊子年 (Earth Rat)
4465 or 4405
    — to —
己丑年 (Earth Ox)
4466 or 4406
Coptic calendar1485–1486
Discordian calendar2935
Ethiopian calendar1761–1762
Hebrew calendar5529–5530
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1825–1826
 - Shaka Samvat1690–1691
 - Kali Yuga4869–4870
Holocene calendar11769
Igbo calendar769–770
Iranian calendar1147–1148
Islamic calendar1182–1183
Japanese calendarMeiwa 6
(明和６年)
Javanese calendar1694–1695
Julian calendarGregorian minus 11 days
Korean calendar4102
Minguo calendar143 before ROC
民前143年
Nanakshahi calendar301
Thai solar calendar2311–2312
Tibetan calendar阳土鼠年
(male Earth-Rat)
1895 or 1514 or 742
    — to —
阴土牛年
(female Earth-Ox)
1896 or 1515 or 743
April 13: James Cook arrives in Tahiti on the Endeavour.

1769 (MDCCLXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1769th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 769th year of the 2nd millennium, the 69th year of the 18th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1760s decade. As of the start of 1769, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events[]

January–March[]

  • February 2 – Pope Clement XIII dies the night before preparing an order to dissolve the Jesuits.[1]
  • February 17 – The British House of Commons votes to not allow MP John Wilkes to take his seat after he wins a by-election.[2]
  • March 16 – Louis Antoine de Bougainville returns to Saint-Malo, following a three-year circumnavigation of the world with the ships La Boudeuse and Étoile, with the loss of only seven out of 330 men; among the members of the expedition is Jeanne Baré, the first woman known to have circumnavigated the globe. She returns to France some time after Bougainville and his ships.

April–June[]

  • April 13 – James Cook arrives in Tahiti, on the ship HM Bark Endeavour, preparing for the 1769 Transit of Venus observed from Tahiti on June 3. After the voyage, the data is found to be inaccurate in determining the distance between the Sun and Earth.
  • April 29 – Scottish inventor James Watt is granted a British patent for "A method of lessening the consumption of steam in steam engines" – the separate condenser,[3] a key improvement (first devised by Watt in 1765) and the basis for the Watt steam engine which stimulates the Industrial Revolution.[4][5]
  • May 9 – France conquers Corsica.
  • May 14 – Charles III of Spain sends Spanish missionaries, who found California missions in San Diego, Santa Barbara, San Francisco and Monterey, and begin the settlement of California.
  • May 19 – Cardinal Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli is elected as the 249th pope, succeeding the late Clement XIII and choosing to take the regnal name of Pope Clement XIV.[1]
  • June 3 – A transit of Venus is followed five hours later by a total solar eclipse, the shortest such interval in historical times. The transit is viewed by King George III of Great Britain, at the Kew Observatory.
  • June 7 – Frontiersman Daniel Boone first begins to explore modern-day Kentucky.

July–September[]

  • July 3 – Richard Arkwright patents a spinning frame in England, able to weave fabric mechanically.[6]
  • July 16 – Father Junípero Serra founds Mission San Diego de Alcalá, the first of the 21 California missions.
  • July 20 – Recently appointed as the Governor of Spanish Louisiana, Irish-born soldier of fortune Alejandro O'Reilly sails into the French fort of La Balize with 21 Spanish ships, along with 2,056 soldiers, cannons and ammunition, and informs French Louisiana Governor Charles Philippe Aubry of his royal commission to take Louisiana on behalf of the King of Spain.[7]
  • August 3 – The party of Gaspar de Portolà becomes the first white group to set foot in the area now known as Santa Monica, California.
  • August 15 – Napoleon Bonaparte is born
  • August 16 – Pope Clement XIV issues the papal bull Dominus ac Redemptor, ordering the dissolution of the Jesuits.[1]
  • August 18 – Brescia Explosion: The city of Brescia, Italy is devastated when the Church of San Nazaro is struck by lightning. The resulting fire ignites 200,000 lb (90,000 kg) of gunpowder being stored there, causing a massive explosion, which destroys 1/6 of the city and kills 3,000 people. The disaster prompts the Roman Catholic Church to abandon their religious objection to using lightning rods to protect their property.[citation needed]
  • September – Massive droughts in Bengal lead to the Bengal famine of 1770, in which ten million people, a third of the population, will die, the worst natural disaster in human history (in terms of lives lost). The Maharajah of Mysore forces the British to agree to a treaty of mutual assistance in view of the famine, but the British East India Company increases its demands on the Bengali people to keep profits up.
  • September 6–9 – David Garrick holds a Shakespeare Jubilee festival at Stratford-upon-Avon in England.
  • September 10 – Russo-Turkish War (1768–74): Russian forces take the Ottoman fortress of Chocim in Bukovina.

October–December[]

  • October 1 – James Cook names Whakaari, off the coast of New Zealand, as White Island.
  • October 7 – James Cook lands in New Zealand, at Poverty Bay.
  • October 9 – In the first encounter between the Māori people and Europeans (at the future site of Gisborne, New Zealand), one Maori is shot and killed after he steals a sword from one of the officers of the Cook expedition. Several more Māori are killed in fighting the next day.[8]
October 23: Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot demonstrates his steam-wagon.
  • October 23 – Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot demonstrates a steam-powered artillery tractor (see drawing) in France.
  • November 1 – A party of the expedition of Spanish explorer Gaspar de Portola becomes the first Europeans to reach San Francisco Bay. Sergeant Jose Francisco de Ortega and his group accidentally discover the area while searching for Drakes Bay in Alta California.[9]
  • November 12 –The Gorkhali Army conquer the last standing Malla Kingdom of Bhaktapur marking the end of The Malla dynasty in Nepal.
  • November 21 – Ireland's House of Commons rejects a spending bill passed by Great Britain's parliament, by a 94-71 margin.[10]
  • December 13 – Dartmouth College is established in Hanover, New Hampshire, as John Wentworth, the Royal Governor, conveys a charter from King George III of Great Britain.
  • December 22 – The Sino-Burmese War (1765–69) is ended by a truce.

Date unknown[]

  • The Authorized King James Version of the Bible, in the Oxford standard text edited by Benjamin Blayney, is published in England.

Births[]

Princess Pauline of Anhalt-Bernburg
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
Napoleon
Alexander von Humboldt

Deaths[]

Pope Clement XIII
Prince Constantine Mavrocordatos
Joseph Friedrich Ernst, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c Denis De Lucca, Jesuits and Fortifications: The Contribution of the Jesuits to Military Architecture in the Baroque Age (BRILL, 2012) pp315-316
  2. ^ "The Ethics and Philosophy of By-Elections", by J.G. Swift MacNeill, in The Fortnightly Review (April 1, 1920) p557
  3. ^ Patent 913; specification accepted January 5.
  4. ^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 224–225. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  5. ^ Roll, Eric (1930). An Early Experiment in Industrial Organization: History of the Firm of Boulton and Watt 1775-1805. London: Frank Cass and Company. p. 13.
  6. ^ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 325. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  7. ^ Joan Garvey and Mary Lou Widmer, Beautiful Crescent: A History of New Orleans (Pelican Publishing, 2012) pp62-63
  8. ^ Terry, Martin; Hall, Susan (2008). Cook's Endeavour Journal: The Inside Story. Canberra: National Library of Australia. p. 90.
  9. ^ Jones, Oakah L., Jr. (1997). "Spanish Penetrations to the North of New Spain". In Allen, John Logan (ed.). North American Exploration, Volume 2: A Continent Defined. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 62.
  10. ^ Barrow, John (1807). Some Account of the Public Life, and a Selection from the Unpublished Writings of the Earl of Macartney. II. London: Cadell and Davies. p. 151.
  11. ^ "Napoleon I | Biography, Achievements, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved July 11, 2021.

Further reading[]

  • John Blair; J. Willoughby Rosse (1856). "1769". Blair's Chronological Tables. London: H.G. Bohn – via Hathi Trust.
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