2004 in paleontology

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Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.^[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2004.

Protozoa[]

New taxa[]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Paleoleishmania^[2]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Poinar & Poinar	Albian	Burmese amber	Myanmar	Oldest record of the protozoan family Trypanosomatidae, Type species P. proterus	Paleoleishmania proterus

Fungi[]

newly named[]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Appianoporites^[3]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Smith, Currah, & Stockey	Eocene	.	Canada	Extinct bracket fungus
Quatsinoporites^[3]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Smith, Currah, & Stockey	Barremian (Cretaceous)	.	Canada	Extinct bracket fungus.

Plants[]

Newly named plants[]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Liquidambar changii^[4]	Sp nov.	Valid	Pigg, Ickert-Bond, & Wen	Middle Miocene	"Yakima Canyon Flora"	USA	A species of sweetgum
Neviusia dunthornei^[5]	Sp nov	Valid	DeVore, Moore, Pigg, & Wehr	Ypresian	Allenby Formation.	Canada	oldest and only extinct species of Neviusia

Arthropoda[]

newly named arachnids[]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
?Anyphops cortex^[6]	sp nov	jr synonym^[7]	Wunderlich	Unknown		Madagascar	jr Synonym of Garcorops jadis
Garcorops jadis^[8]	sp nov	Valid	Bosselaers	Unknown		Madagascar	Possibly extant, but copal age is not determined

Newly named insects[]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Afromyrma^[9]	Gen et sp nov	valid	Dlussky, Brothers & Rasnitsyn	Turonian		Botswana	A Myrmicin ant, type species A. petrosa
Afropone^[9]	Gen et sp nov	valid	Dlussky, Brothers & Rasnitsyn	Turonian		Botswana	A ponerin ant, two species
Albicoccus^[10]	Fam, gen et sp nov	valid	Koteja	Albian - Cenomanian	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A scale insect, monotypic with Albicoccidae & A. dimai
Burmacoccus^[10]	Fam, gen et sp nov	valid	Koteja	Albian - Cenomanian	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A scale insect, monotypic with Burmacoccidae & B. danyi
^[11]	Comb nov	valid	(Mayr, 1868)	Middle Eocene	Baltic amber	Europe	Fossil myrmicine ant
Electrostephanus janzeni^[12]	Sp nov	jr synonym	Engel	Lutetian	Baltic Amber	Russia	A stephanid wasp
Gerontoformica^[13]	Gen et sp nov	valid	Nel & Perrault	Albian - Cenomanian		France	A stem group ant, type species G. cretacica	Gerontoformica cretacica
Marmyan^[10]	gen et sp nov	valid	Koteja	Cenomanian	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A scale insect, monotypic M. barbarae
Microberotha^[14]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Archibald	Ypresian		Canada	A Berothid lacewing
^[15]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Poinar	Cenomanian	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A Phlebotomidae sand fly, type species P. burmitis

Newly named fishes[]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
^[16]	Sp. nov	Valid	Valiukevičius	Late Silurian		Latvia	An acanthodian belonging to the group Ischnacanthiformes and the family .
Lophosteus canadensis^[17]	Sp. nov	Valid	Schultze & Märss	Late Silurian	Barlow Inlet Formation	Canada	A bony fish belonging to the group .
Lophosteus ohesaarensis^[17]	Sp. nov	Valid	Schultze & Märss	Late Silurian		Estonia Latvia	A bony fish belonging to the group .
Lophosteus uralensis^[17]	Sp. nov	Valid	Schultze & Märss	Early Devonian		Russia	A bony fish belonging to the group .
Nostolepis alifera^[16]	Sp. nov	Valid	Valiukevičius	Late Silurian		Latvia	An acanthodian belonging to the group Climatiiformes and the family .
Nostolepis latvica^[16]	Sp. nov	Valid	Valiukevičius	Late Silurian		Latvia	An acanthodian belonging to the group Climatiiformes and the family .
^[18]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Elliott, Mark-Kurik & Daeschler	Devonian (Frasnian)		Canada	A member of Pteraspidiformes belonging to the group Psammosteida and the family . The type species is P. pulla
^[16]	Sp. nov	Valid	Valiukevičius	Late Silurian		Estonia Latvia	An acanthodian belonging to the group Ischnacanthiformes and the family .
^[16]	Sp. nov	Valid	Valiukevičius	Late Silurian		Estonia Latvia	An acanthodian belonging to the group Ischnacanthiformes and the family .
^[19]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Žigaitė	Silurian		Mongolia Russia	A thelodont, possibly a member of the group . The type species is T. rimae
^[20]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Miller, Märss & Blom	Late Silurian		Estonia United Kingdom	A member of Anaspida belonging to the group Birkeniida, possibly a member of the family Septentrioniidae. The type species is T. juncta; genus also includes T. concatenata.

Newly named amphibians[]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Jakubsonia^[21]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lebedev	Devonian (Famennian)		Russia	A basal member of Tetrapoda. The type species is J. livnensis

Archosauromorphs[]

Newly named dinosaurs[]

Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.^[22]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Atrociraptor^[23]		Valid	Currie & Varricchio	Edmontonian	Horseshoe Canyon Formation	Canada		Atrociraptor
Bissektipelta^[24]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Parish & Barrett	Cenomanian-Turonian	Bissekty Formation	Uzbekistan
Bonatitan^[25]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Martinelli & Forasiepi	Late Cretaceous		Argentina
Bonitasaura^[26]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Apesteguía	late Cretaceous	Bajo de la Carpa Formation	Argentina		Bonitasaura
Borealosaurus^[27]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	You, Ji, Lamanna, Li, & Li	late Cretaceous	Sunjiawan Formation	China
Dilong^[28]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Xu, Norell, Kuang, Wang, Zhao, & Jia	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China		Dilong
Ekrixinatosaurus^[29]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Calvo, Rubilar-Rogers, & Moreno	Late Cretaceous	Candeleros Formation	Argentina		Ekrixinatosaurus
Graciliraptor^[30]		Valid	Xing & Wang	Barremian	Yixian Formation	China
Huaxiagnathus^[31]		Valid	Hwang, Norell, Ji, & Gao	Barremian	Yixian Formation	China		Huaxiagnathus
Kerberosaurus^[32]		Valid	Bolotsky & Godefroit	Late Cretaceous		Russia
Limaysaurus^[33]		Valid	Salgado, Garrido, Cocca, & Cocca			Argentina		Limaysaurus
Mei^[34]		Valid	Xu & Norell	Barremian	Yixian Formation	China		Mei
Mirischia^[35]		Valid	Naish, Martill, & Frey	Albian	Santana Formation	Brazil		Mirischia
"Nemegtia"^[36]		Preoccupied name	Lü, Tomida, Azuma, Dong, Lee, & Szczechura				Renamed Nemegtomaia
Otogosaurus		Nomen nudum	Zhao & Tan
Prenoceratops^[37]		Valid	Chinnery			USA Montana		Prenoceratops
Rugops^[38]		Valid	Sereno, Wilson, & Conrad			Niger		Rugops
Sinusonasus^[39]		Valid	Xu, & Wang	Barremian	Yixian Formation	China
Spinostropheus^[38]		Valid	Sereno, Wilson & Conrad	Middle Jurassic	Irhazer Group	Niger	A ceratosaur; new genus for "Elaphrosaurus" gautieri Lapparent 1960.
Suuwassea^[40]		Valid	Harris & Dodson	Kimmeridgian	Morrison Formation	United States		Suuwassea
Talenkauen^[41]		Valid		Novas, Cambiaso, & Ambrosio	Pari Aike Formation	Argentina		Talenkauen
Tazoudasaurus^[42]		Valid		Allain et al		Morocco
Unaysaurus^[43]		Valid		Leal, Azevedo, Kellner, & Da Rosa	Caturrita Formation	Brazil		Unaysaurus

Other archosauromorphs[]

Name	Status	Authors Location		Notes	Images
Crosbysaurus^[44]	Valid non-dinosaurian taxon.		USA
Protecovasaurus^[45]	Valid non-dinosaurian taxon.	Heckert	USA

Newly named birds[]

Name	Status	Novelty	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Aberratiodontus ^[46]	Valid	Gen et sp. nov.	, &	Early Cretaceous	Jiufotang Formation	China	An Enantiornithes, Type species A. wui
^[47]	Valid	Gen et sp. nov.	Cécile Mourer-Chauviré Didier Berthet	Late Oligocene, Early Miocene	MP 29	France	An Anseranatidae, the type species of Anserpica Mourer-Chauviré, Berthet & Hugueney, 2004.
Bavaripsitta ballmanni ^[48]	Valid	Gen et sp. nov.	Gerald Mayr	Middle Miocene		Germany: Bavaria	A Psittacidae, the type species of Bavaripsitta Mayr & Göhlich, 2004.
^[47]	Valid	Gen et sp. nov.	Cécile Mourer-Chauviré Didier Berthet	Late Oligocene, Early Miocene	MP 30,	France; Germany	A Phalacrocoracidae, the type species of Borvocarbo Mourer-Chauviré, Berthet & Hugueney, 2004.
? ^[49]	Valid	Sp. nov.	Gerald Mayr	Early Oligocene	Rupelian	Germany: Baden-Württemberg; Belgium: Antwerp	A Gaviidae, not certain a species of Colymboides Milne-Edwards, 1868.
Eurotrochilus inexpectatus ^[50]	Valid	Gen et sp. nov.	Gerald Mayr	Early Oligocene	Rupelian	Germany: Baden-Württemberg	A Trochilidae, the type species of Eurotrochilus Mayr, 2004.
Iaceornis marshi ^[51]	Valid	Gen et sp. nov.	Julia A. Clarke	Late Cretaceous	Niobrara Formation	USA: Kansas	An Ornithurae, the type species of Iaceornis Clarke, 2004.
Longirostravis hani ^[52]	Valid	Gen et sp. nov.	Luis M. Chiappe Chuong Cheng-Ming	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	An Enantiornithes, Euenantiornithes, the type species of Longirostravis Hou, Chiappe, Zhang et Chuong, 2004.
^[53]	Valid	Gen et sp. nov.		Late Quaternary		France: Corsica; Greece	A Turdidae, the type species of Meridiocichla Louchart, 2004.
^[54]	Valid	Gen et sp. nov.	Evgeny N. Kurochkin	Miocene	Middle MN 10	Ukraine	A Corvidae, the type species of Miopica Kurochkin & Sobolev, 2004.
^[55]	Valid	Gen et sp. nov.		Middle Miocene	MN 6	Germany: Bavaria	A Scolopacidae, the type species of Mirolia Ballmann, 2004.
^[55]	Valid	Sp. nov.		Middle Miocene	MN 6	Germany: Bavaria	A Scolopacidae.
? ^[55]	Valid	Sp. nov.		Middle Miocene	MN 6	Germany: Bavaria	A Scolopacidae, not certain to belong in Mirolia Ballmann, 2004.
^[55]	Valid	Sp. nov.		Middle Miocene	MN 6	Germany: Bavaria	A Scolopacidae.
^[56]	Valid	Sp. nov.	Gerald Mayr Cécile Mourer-Chauviré	Middle Eocene	Messel pit, MP 11	Germany: Hessen	A Feduccia et Martin, 1976.
^[56]	Valid	Sp. nov.	Gerald Mayr Cécile Mourer-Chauviré	Middle Eocene	Messel pit MP 11	Germany: Hessen	A Feduccia et Martin, 1976.
^[57]	Valid	Gen et sp. nov.		Early Pliocene	Pisco Formation	Peru	A Sulidae, the type species of Ramphastosula Stucchi & Urbina, 2004.
^[58]	Valid	Sp. nov.		Early-Middle Pleistocene	Sicily	Italy: Sicily	A Tytonidae.
Vescornis hebeiensis ^[59]	Valid	Gen et sp. nov.	Zhou Zhonghe	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	An Walker, 1981, this is the type species of the new genus, most probably a junior synonym of Hebeiornis fengningensis Yan, 1999.
Vitirallus watlingi ^[60]	Valid	Gen et sp. nov.	Trevor H. Worthy	Holocene	Viti Levu	Fiji	A Rallidae, the type species of Vitirallus Worthy, 2004.
^[61]	Valid	Gen et sp. nov.	Storrs L. Olson	Late Pleistocene or Early Holocene		Brazil	A Cathartidae, the type species of Wingegyps Alvarenga & Olson, 2004.

Plesiosaurs[]

New taxa[]

Name	Status	Authors Location		Notes
Plesiopterys	Valid	O'Keefe	Germany

Pterosaurs[]

New taxa[]

Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Avgodectes	Valid	Peters	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	A pterosaur hatchling.
Cacibupteryx	Valid	Gasparini Fernández de la Fuente	Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)	Jagua Formation	Cuba	A rhamphorhynchid.
"Daitingopterus"	Nomen Nudum	Maisch Matzke Ge Sun	Late Jurassic (Tithonian)	Solnhofen Limestone	Germany	A germanodactylid.
Lonchognathosaurus	Valid	Maisch, M.W., Matzke, A.T., and Ge Sun	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Lianmuqin Formation	China	A dsungaripterid.

Synapsids[]

Non-mammalian[]

Name	Status	Authors	Location	Images
Ianthodon^[62]	Valid	Kissel Reisz	USA	Lobalopex
Lobalopex^[63]	Valid	Sidor Hopson Keyser	South Africa
Progalesaurus^[64]	Valid	Sidor Smith	South Africa
Pyozia ^[65]	Valid	Anderson Reisz	Russia
Rewaconodon^[66]	Valid	Datta Das Luo	India

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^ Leal; Azevedo, S.A.K.; Kellner, A.W.A.; da Rosa, A.A.S. (2004). "A new early dinosaur (Sauropodomorpha) from the Caturrita Formation (Late Triassic), Paraná Basin, Brazil". Zootaxa. 690: 1–24. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.690.1.1.
^ Heckert, A.B. 2004. Late Triassic microvertebrates from the lower Chinle Group (Otischalkian-Adamanian: Carnian), southwestern U.S.A. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 27: 170 pages.
^ Heckert, A.B. 2004. Late Triassic microvertebrates from the lower Chinle Group (Otischalkian-Adamanian: Carnian), southwestern U.S.A. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 27: 170 pages.
^ Gong Enpu; Hou Lianhai; Wang Lixia (2004). "Enantiornithine Bird with Diapsidian Skull and Its Dental Development in the Early Cretaceous in Liaoning, China". Acta Geologica Sinica. 78 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2004.tb00668.x.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Cécile Mourer-Chauviré; Didier Berthet; Marguerite Hugueney (2004). "The Late Oligocene of the Créchy Quarry (Allier, France), with a Description of Two New Genera (Aves: Pelecaniformes: Phalacrocoracidae, and Anseriformes: Anseranatidae)". Senckenbergiana Lethaea. 84 (1–2): 303–315. doi:10.1007/bf03043473.
^ Gerald Mayr; Ursula B. Göhlich (2004). "A New Parrot from the Miocene of Germany, with Comments on the Variation of Hypotarsus Morphology in Some Psittaciformes" (PDF). Belgian Journal of Zoology. 134 (1): 47–54.
^ Gerald Mayr (2004). "A Partial Skeleton of a New Fossil Loon (Aves, Gaviiformes) from the Early Oligocene of Germany with Preserved Stomach Content" (PDF). Journal of Ornithology. 145 (4): 281–286. doi:10.1007/s10336-004-0050-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2014-07-26.
^ Gerald Mayr (2004). "Old World Fossil Record of Modern-Type Hummingbirds". Science. 304 (5672): 861–864. Bibcode:2004Sci...304..861M. doi:10.1126/science.1096856. PMID 15131303.
^ Julia A. Clarke (2004). "Morphology, Phylogenetic Taxonomy, and Systematics of Ichthyornis and Apatornis (Avialae: Ornithurae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 286: 1–179. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2004)286<0001:mptaso>2.0.co;2. hdl:2246/454.
^ Hou Lianhai; Luis M. Chiappe; Zhang Fucheng; Chuong Cheng-Ming (2004). "New Early Cretaceous Fossil from China Documents a Novel Trophic Specialization for Mesozoic Birds". Naturwissenschaften. 91 (1): 22–25. Bibcode:2004NW.....91...22H. doi:10.1007/s00114-003-0489-1. PMC 4382005. PMID 14740099.
^ Antoine Louchart (2004). "An Extinct Large Thrush (Aves: Turdidae) from the Late Quaternary of Mediterranean Europe". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 233 (2): 275–296. doi:10.1127/njgpa/233/2004/275.
^ Evgeny N. Kurochkin; Denis V. Sobolev (2004). "Miopica paradoxa gen. et sp n. - New Genus and Species of the Miocene Magpie" (PDF). Vestnik Zoologii. 38 (6): 87–90.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Peter Ballmann (2004). "Fossil Calidrinae (Aves: Charadriiformes) from the Middle Miocene of the Nördlinger Ries" (PDF). Bonner Zoologische Beiträge. 52 (1–2): 101–114.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Gerald Mayr; Cécile Mourer-Chauviré; Ilka Weidig (2004). "Osteology and Systematic Position of the Eocene Primobucconidae (Aves, Coraciiformes Sensu Stricto), with First Records from Europe" (PDF). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1017/s1477201903001093. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-25. Retrieved 2014-07-26.
^ Marcelo Stucchi; Mario Urbina (2004). "Ramphastosula (Aves, Sulidae): a New Genus from the Early Pliocene of the Pisco Formation, Peru" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (4): 974–978. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0974:rasang]2.0.co;2.
^ Marco Pavia (2004). "A New Large Barn Owl (Aves, Strigiformes, Tytonidae) from the Middle Pleistocene of Sicily, Italy, and it's Taphonomical Significans" (PDF). Geobios. 37 (5): 631–641. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2003.05.007. hdl:2318/84927.
^ Zhang Fucheng; Per G.P. Ericson; Zhou Zhonghe (2004). "Description of a New Enantiornithine Bird from the Early Cretaceous of Hebei, Northern China" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 41 (9): 1097–1107. Bibcode:2004CaJES..41.1097Z. doi:10.1139/e04-055. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-23. Retrieved 2014-08-04.
^ Trevor H. Worthy (2004). "The Fossil Rails (Aves: Rallidae) of Fiji with Descriptions of a New Genus and Species" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 34 (3): 295–314. doi:10.1080/03014223.2004.9517768. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-29. Retrieved 2014-07-26.
^ Herculano M. Alvarenga; Storrs L. Olson (2004). "A New Genus of Tiny Condor from the Pleistocene of Brazil (Aves: Vulturidae)" (PDF). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 117 (1): 1–9.
^ Kissel, R.A. & Reisz, R.R. "Synapsid fauna of the Upper Pennsylvanian Rock Lake Shale near Garnett, Kansas and the diversity pattern of early amniotes". In G. Arratia, M. V. H. Wilson & R. Cloutier (eds.). Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, 2004.
^ ; Hopson, J.A.; Keyser, A.W. (2004). "A new burnetiamorph theraspid from the Teekloof Formation, Permian, of South Africa". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (4): 938–950. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0938:ANBTFT]2.0.CO;2.
^ Sidor, C.A.; Smith, R.M.H. (2004). "A new galesaurid (Therapsida: Cynodontia) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa". Palaeontology. 47 (3): 535–556. doi:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00378.x.
^ Anderson, J.S.; Reisz, R.R. (2004). "Pyozia mesenensis, a new, small varanopid (Synapsida, Eupelycosauria) from Russia: "Pelycosaur" diversity in the Middle Permian". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (1): 173–179. doi:10.1671/1940-13.
^ Datta, P.M.; Das, D.P.; Luo, Z.-X. (2004). "A Late Triassic dromatheriid (Synapsida: Cynodontia) from India". Annals of Carnegie Museum. 73 (2): 12–24.

[1] Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.

[Poinar2008-2] Poinar, G. (2008). "Lutzomyia adiketis sp. n. (Diptera: Phlebotomidae), a vector of Paleoleishmania neotropicum sp. n. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in Dominican amber". Parasites & Vectors. 1 (1): 22. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-1-22. PMC 2491605. PMID 18627624.

[Smith2004-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b Smith, S.Y.; Currah, R.S.; Stockey, R.A. (2004). "Cretaceous and Eocene poroid hymenophores from Vancouver Island, British Columbia". Mycologia. 96 (1): 180–186. doi:10.2307/3762001. JSTOR 3762001. PMID 21148842.

[Pigg2004-4] Pigg, K. B.; Ickert-Bond, S. M.; Wen, J. (2004). "Anatomically preserved Liquidambar (Altingiaceae) from the middle Miocene of Yakima Canyon, Washington state, USA, and its biogeographic implications". American Journal of Botany. 91 (3): 499–509. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.3.499. PMID 21653405.

[DeVore2004-5] DeVore, M.L.; Moore, S.M.; Pigg, K.B.; Wehr, W.C. (2004). "Fossil Neviusia leaves (Rosaceae: Kerrieae) from the Lower Middle Eocene of Southern British Columbia". Rhodora. 12 (927): 197–209. JSTOR 23314752.

[Wunderlich2004-6] Wunderlich, J. (2004). "Fossil spiders in amber and copal. Conclusions, revisions, new taxa and family diagnoses of fossil and extant taxa". Beiträge zur Araneologie. 3AB: 1–1908.

[Penney2005-7] Penney, D.; Ono, H.; Selden, P.A. (2005). "A new synonymy for the Madagascan copal spider fauna (Araneae, Selenopidae)" (PDF). Journal of Afrotropical Zoology. 2: 41–44.^{[permanent dead link]}

[Bosselaers2004-8] Bosselaers, J. (2004). "A new Garcorops species from Madagascar copal (Araneae: Selenopidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 445: 1–7. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.445.1.1.

[Dlussky2004-9] Jump up to: ^a ^b Dlussky, G. M.; Brothers, D. J.; Rasnitsyn, A. P. (2004). "The first Late Cretaceous ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from southern Africa, with comments on the origin of the Myrmicinae". Insect Systematics and Evolution. 35: 1–13. doi:10.1163/187631204788964727.

[Koteja2004-10] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Koteja, J (2004). "Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccinea) from cretaceous Myanmar (Burmese) amber". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2 (2): 109–114. doi:10.1017/S1477201904001166. – via Taylor & Francis (subscription required)

[Fernández2004-11] Fernández, F. (2004). "The American species of the myrmicine ant genus Carebara Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Caldasia. 26: 191–238.

[Engel2008-12] Engel, M.S.; Ortega-Blanco, J. (2008). "The fossil crown wasp Electrostephanus petiolatus Brues in Baltic Amber (Hymenoptera, Stephanidae): designation of a neotype, revised classification, and a key to amber Stephanidae". ZooKeys (4): 55–64. doi:10.3897/zookeys.4.49.

[Nel2004-13] Nel, A.; Perrault, G.; Perrichot, V.; Néradeau, D. (2004). "The oldest ant in the lower cretaceous amber of Charente-maritime (SW France) (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Geologica Acta. 2 (1): 23–29.

[A&M2004-14] Archibald, S.B.; Makarkin, V.N. (2004). "New genus of minute Berothidae (Neuroptera) from Early Eocene amber of British Columbia" (PDF). The Canadian Entomologist. 136: 61–76. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.552.2285. doi:10.4039/n03-043. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-18. Retrieved 2010-04-09.

[Palaeomyia-15] Poinar, G. O. Jr. (2004). "Palaeomyia burmitis (Diptera: Phlebotomidae), a new genus and species of Cretaceous sand flies with evidence of blood-sucking habits". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 106: 598–605.

[AUL679acanthodians-16] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Valiukevičius, Juozas (2004). "Silurian acanthodian succession of the Lužni-4 borehole (Latvia)" (PDF). Acta Universitatis Latviensis. Earth and Environment Sciences. 679: 120–147.

[AUL679Lophosteus-17] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Schultze, Hans-Peter; Märss, Tiiu (2004). "Revisiting Lophosteus, a primitive osteichthyan" (PDF). Acta Universitatis Latviensis. Earth and Environment Sciences. 679: 57–78.

[18] Elliott, David K.; Mark-Kurik, Elga; Daeschler, Edward B. (2004). "A revision of Obruchevia (Psammosteida: Heterostraci) and a description of a new obrucheviid from the Late Devonian of the Canadian Arctic" (PDF). Acta Universitatis Latviensis. Earth and Environment Sciences. 679: 22–45.

[19] Žigaitė, Živilė (2004). "A new thelodont from Lower Silurian of Tuva and north-west Mongolia" (PDF). Acta Universitatis Latviensis. Earth and Environment Sciences. 679: 158–165.

[20] Miller, C. Giles; Märss, Tiiu; Blom, Henning (2004). "New anaspid material from the Late Silurian of Britain and Estonia" (PDF). Acta Universitatis Latviensis. Earth and Environment Sciences. 679: 46–56.

[21] Lebedev, Oleg A. (2004). "A new tetrapod Jakubsonia livnensis from the Early Famennian (Devonian) of Russia and palaeoecological remarks on the Late Devonian tetrapod habitats" (PDF). Acta Universitatis Latviensis. Earth and Environment Sciences. 679: 79–98.

[ddinogeorge-22] Olshevsky, George. "Dinogeorge's Dinosaur Genera List". Retrieved 2008-08-07.

[Currie2004-23] Currie, P.J. and D.J. Varricchio. 2004. A new dromaeosaurid from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta, Canada. In: Feathered Dragons: Studies on the Transition from Dinosaurs to Birds (P.J. Currie, E.B. Koppelhus, M.A. Shugar, and J.L. Wright, eds.). Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IA: pp. 112-132.

[Parish2004-24] Parish, J.; Barrett, P.M. (2004). "A reappraisal of the ornithischian dinosaur Amtosaurus magnus Kurzanov and Tumanova 1978, with comments of the status of A. archibaldi Averianov 2002". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 41 (3): 299–306. Bibcode:2004CaJES..41..299P. doi:10.1139/e03-101.

[Martinelli2004-25] Martinelli, A.G. (2004). "Late Cretaceous vertebrates from Bajo de Santa Rosa (Allen Formation), Rio Negro province, Argentina, with the description of a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauridae)". Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. Nueva Series. 6 (2): 257–305. doi:10.22179/REVMACN.6.88.

[Apestegua2004-26] Apestegua, S. (2004). ""Bonitasaura salgadoi" gen. et sp. nov.: a beaked sauropod from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia". Naturwissenschaften. 91 (10): 493–497. Bibcode:2004NW.....91..493A. doi:10.1007/s00114-004-0560-6. PMID 15729763.

[You2004-27] You, H.; Ji, Q.; Lamanna, M.C.; Li, J. (2004). "A titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur with opisthocoelous caudal vertebrae from the Early Late Cretaceous of Liaoning Province, China". Acta Geologica Sinica. 78 (4): 907–911. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2004.tb00212.x.

[Xu2004-28] Xu, X.; Norell, M.A.; Kuang, X.; Wang, X.; Zhao, Q.; Jia, C. (2004). "Basal tyrannosauroids from China and evidence for protofeathers in tyrannosauroids". Nature. 431 (7009): 680–684. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..680X. doi:10.1038/nature02855. PMID 15470426.

[Calvo2004-29] Calvo, J.O.; Rubilar-Roger, D.; Moreno, K. (2004). "A new Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from northwest Patagonia". Ameghiniana (Rev. Asoc.Paleontol. Argent.). 41 (4): 555–563.

[Xu2004b-30] Xu, X.; Wang, X.-L. (2004). "A New Dromaeosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 42 (2): 11–119. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.2004.02.002.

[Hwang2004-31] Hwang, S.H.; Norell, M.A.; Ji, Q.; Gao, K. (2004). "Large compognathid from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2 (1): 13–30. doi:10.1017/S1477201903001081.

[32] Bolotsky, Yu.L.; Godefroit, P. (2004). "A new hadrosaurine dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of far Eastern Russia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (2): 351–365. doi:10.1671/1110.

[33] Salgado, L.; Garrido, A.; Cocca, S.E.; Cocca, J.R. (2004). "Lower Cretaceous rebbachisaurid sauropods from Cerro Aguada del Leon (Lohan Cura Formation), Neuquen Province, northwestern Patagonia, Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (4): 903–912. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0903:LCRSFC]2.0.CO;2.

[Xu2004c-34] Xu, X.; Norell, M.A. (2004). "A new troodontid dinosaur from China with avian-like sleeping posture". Nature. 431 (7010): 838–841. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..838X. doi:10.1038/nature02898. PMID 15483610.

[Naish2004-35] Naish, D.; Martill, D.M.; Frey, E. (2004). "Ecology, systematics and biogeographical relationships of dinosaurs, including a new theropod, from the Santana Formation (?Albian, Early Cretaceous) of Brazil". Historical Biology. 16 (2–4): 1–14. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.394.9219. doi:10.1080/08912960410001674200.

[36] Lu, J., Y. Tomida, Y. Azuma, Z.-M. Dong, and Y.- N. Lee. 2004. New oviraptorid dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Nemegt Formation of southwestern Mongolia. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo (Series C) 30: pp. 95-130.

[37] Chinnery, B.J. (2004). "Description of "Prenoceratops pieganensis" gen et sp. nov. (Dinosauria: Neoceratopsia) from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (3): 572–590. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0572:DOPPGE]2.0.CO;2.

[Sereno2004-38] Jump up to: ^a ^b Sereno, P.C., J.A. Wilson, and J.L. Conrad. 2004. New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the Mid-Cretaceous. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (Series B) published online: pages 1-6.

[39] Xu, X.; Wang, X. (2004). "A new troodontid (Theropoda: Troodontidae) from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning, China". Acte Geologica Sinica. 78 (1): 22–26.

[Harris_2004-40] Harris, J.D.; Dodson, P. (2004). "A new diplodocoid sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 49 (2): 197–210.

[Novas2004-41] Novas, F.E.; Cambiaso, A.V.; Ambrosio, A. (2004). "A new basal iguanodontian (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia". Ameghiniana. 41 (1): 75–85.

[42] Allain, R.; Aquesbi, N.; Dejax, J.; Meyer, C.; Monbaron, M.; Montenat, C.; Richir, P.; Rochdy, M.; Russell, D.; Taquet, P. (2004). "A basal sauropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of Morocco" (PDF). Comptes Rendus Palevol. 3 (3): 199–208. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2004.03.001.

[43] Leal; Azevedo, S.A.K.; Kellner, A.W.A.; da Rosa, A.A.S. (2004). "A new early dinosaur (Sauropodomorpha) from the Caturrita Formation (Late Triassic), Paraná Basin, Brazil". Zootaxa. 690: 1–24. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.690.1.1.

[44] Heckert, A.B. 2004. Late Triassic microvertebrates from the lower Chinle Group (Otischalkian-Adamanian: Carnian), southwestern U.S.A. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 27: 170 pages.

[45] Heckert, A.B. 2004. Late Triassic microvertebrates from the lower Chinle Group (Otischalkian-Adamanian: Carnian), southwestern U.S.A. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 27: 170 pages.

[Aberratiodontus-46] Gong Enpu; Hou Lianhai; Wang Lixia (2004). "Enantiornithine Bird with Diapsidian Skull and Its Dental Development in the Early Cretaceous in Liaoning, China". Acta Geologica Sinica. 78 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2004.tb00668.x.

[Borvocarbo-47] Jump up to: ^a ^b Cécile Mourer-Chauviré; Didier Berthet; Marguerite Hugueney (2004). "The Late Oligocene of the Créchy Quarry (Allier, France), with a Description of Two New Genera (Aves: Pelecaniformes: Phalacrocoracidae, and Anseriformes: Anseranatidae)". Senckenbergiana Lethaea. 84 (1–2): 303–315. doi:10.1007/bf03043473.

[Bavaripsitta-48] Gerald Mayr; Ursula B. Göhlich (2004). "A New Parrot from the Miocene of Germany, with Comments on the Variation of Hypotarsus Morphology in Some Psittaciformes" (PDF). Belgian Journal of Zoology. 134 (1): 47–54.

[Colymboides-49] Gerald Mayr (2004). "A Partial Skeleton of a New Fossil Loon (Aves, Gaviiformes) from the Early Oligocene of Germany with Preserved Stomach Content" (PDF). Journal of Ornithology. 145 (4): 281–286. doi:10.1007/s10336-004-0050-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2014-07-26.

[Eurotrochilus-50] Gerald Mayr (2004). "Old World Fossil Record of Modern-Type Hummingbirds". Science. 304 (5672): 861–864. Bibcode:2004Sci...304..861M. doi:10.1126/science.1096856. PMID 15131303.

[Iaceornis-51] Julia A. Clarke (2004). "Morphology, Phylogenetic Taxonomy, and Systematics of Ichthyornis and Apatornis (Avialae: Ornithurae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 286: 1–179. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2004)286<0001:mptaso>2.0.co;2. hdl:2246/454.

[Longirostravis-52] Hou Lianhai; Luis M. Chiappe; Zhang Fucheng; Chuong Cheng-Ming (2004). "New Early Cretaceous Fossil from China Documents a Novel Trophic Specialization for Mesozoic Birds". Naturwissenschaften. 91 (1): 22–25. Bibcode:2004NW.....91...22H. doi:10.1007/s00114-003-0489-1. PMC 4382005. PMID 14740099.

[Meridiocichla-53] Antoine Louchart (2004). "An Extinct Large Thrush (Aves: Turdidae) from the Late Quaternary of Mediterranean Europe". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 233 (2): 275–296. doi:10.1127/njgpa/233/2004/275.

[Miopica-54] Evgeny N. Kurochkin; Denis V. Sobolev (2004). "Miopica paradoxa gen. et sp n. - New Genus and Species of the Miocene Magpie" (PDF). Vestnik Zoologii. 38 (6): 87–90.

[Mirolia-55] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Peter Ballmann (2004). "Fossil Calidrinae (Aves: Charadriiformes) from the Middle Miocene of the Nördlinger Ries" (PDF). Bonner Zoologische Beiträge. 52 (1–2): 101–114.

[Primobucco-56] Jump up to: ^a ^b Gerald Mayr; Cécile Mourer-Chauviré; Ilka Weidig (2004). "Osteology and Systematic Position of the Eocene Primobucconidae (Aves, Coraciiformes Sensu Stricto), with First Records from Europe" (PDF). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1017/s1477201903001093. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-25. Retrieved 2014-07-26.

[Ramphastosula-57] Marcelo Stucchi; Mario Urbina (2004). "Ramphastosula (Aves, Sulidae): a New Genus from the Early Pliocene of the Pisco Formation, Peru" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (4): 974–978. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0974:rasang]2.0.co;2.

[Tyto-58] Marco Pavia (2004). "A New Large Barn Owl (Aves, Strigiformes, Tytonidae) from the Middle Pleistocene of Sicily, Italy, and it's Taphonomical Significans" (PDF). Geobios. 37 (5): 631–641. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2003.05.007. hdl:2318/84927.

[Vescornis-59] Zhang Fucheng; Per G.P. Ericson; Zhou Zhonghe (2004). "Description of a New Enantiornithine Bird from the Early Cretaceous of Hebei, Northern China" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 41 (9): 1097–1107. Bibcode:2004CaJES..41.1097Z. doi:10.1139/e04-055. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-23. Retrieved 2014-08-04.

[Vitirallus-60] Trevor H. Worthy (2004). "The Fossil Rails (Aves: Rallidae) of Fiji with Descriptions of a New Genus and Species" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 34 (3): 295–314. doi:10.1080/03014223.2004.9517768. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-29. Retrieved 2014-07-26.

[Wingegyps-61] Herculano M. Alvarenga; Storrs L. Olson (2004). "A New Genus of Tiny Condor from the Pleistocene of Brazil (Aves: Vulturidae)" (PDF). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 117 (1): 1–9.

[62] Kissel, R.A. & Reisz, R.R. "Synapsid fauna of the Upper Pennsylvanian Rock Lake Shale near Garnett, Kansas and the diversity pattern of early amniotes". In G. Arratia, M. V. H. Wilson & R. Cloutier (eds.). Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, 2004.

[63] ; Hopson, J.A.; Keyser, A.W. (2004). "A new burnetiamorph theraspid from the Teekloof Formation, Permian, of South Africa". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (4): 938–950. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0938:ANBTFT]2.0.CO;2.

[64] Sidor, C.A.; Smith, R.M.H. (2004). "A new galesaurid (Therapsida: Cynodontia) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa". Palaeontology. 47 (3): 535–556. doi:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00378.x.

[65] Anderson, J.S.; Reisz, R.R. (2004). "Pyozia mesenensis, a new, small varanopid (Synapsida, Eupelycosauria) from Russia: "Pelycosaur" diversity in the Middle Permian". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (1): 173–179. doi:10.1671/1940-13.

[66] Datta, P.M.; Das, D.P.; Luo, Z.-X. (2004). "A Late Triassic dromatheriid (Synapsida: Cynodontia) from India". Annals of Carnegie Museum. 73 (2): 12–24.

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