Page protected with pending changes

February 18

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

<< February >>
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 09 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28  
2021
February 18 in recent years
  2021 (Thursday)
  2020 (Tuesday)
  2019 (Monday)
  2018 (Sunday)
  2017 (Saturday)
  2016 (Thursday)
  2015 (Wednesday)
  2014 (Tuesday)
  2013 (Monday)
  2012 (Saturday)

February 18 is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar; 316 days remain until the end of the year (317 in leap years).

Events[]

Pre-1800[]

  • 1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce[1] with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy.
  • 1268 – The Battle of Wesenberg is fought between the Livonian Order and Dovmont of Pskov.[2]
  • 1332 – Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces.
  • 1478 – George, Duke of Clarence, convicted of treason against his older brother Edward IV of England, is executed in private at the Tower of London.
  • 1637 – Eighty Years' War: Off the coast of Cornwall, England, a Spanish fleet intercepts an important Anglo-Dutch merchant convoy of 44 vessels escorted by six warships, destroying or capturing 20 of them.
  • 1735 – The ballad opera called Flora, or Hob in the Well went down in history as the first opera of any kind to be produced in North America (Charleston, S.C.)[3]
  • 1781 – Fourth Anglo-Dutch War: Captain Thomas Shirley opens his expedition against Dutch colonial outposts on the Gold Coast of Africa (present-day Ghana).
  • 1791 – Congress passes a law admitting the state of Vermont to the Union, effective 4 March, after that state had existed for 14 years as a de facto independent largely unrecognized state.
  • 1797 – French Revolutionary Wars: Sir Ralph Abercromby and a fleet of 18 British warships invade Trinidad.

1801–1950[]

  • 1814 – Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Montereau.
  • 1861 – In Montgomery, Alabama, Jefferson Davis is inaugurated as the provisional President of the Confederate States of America.
  • 1861 – With Italian unification almost complete, Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont, Savoy and Sardinia assumes the title of King of Italy.
  • 1873 – Bulgarian revolutionary leader Vasil Levski is executed by hanging in Sofia by the Ottoman authorities.
  • 1878 – John Tunstall is murdered by outlaw Jesse Evans, sparking the Lincoln County War in Lincoln County, New Mexico.
  • 1885 – Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is published in the United States.
  • 1900 – Second Boer War: Imperial forces suffer their worst single-day loss of life on Bloody Sunday, the first day of the Battle of Paardeberg.
  • 1906 – Édouard de Laveleye forms the Belgian Olympic Committee in Brussels.
  • 1911 – The first official flight with airmail takes place from Allahabad, United Provinces, British India (now India), when Henri Pequet, a 23-year-old pilot, delivers 6,500 letters to Naini, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) away.
  • 1915 – U-boat Campaign: The Imperial German Navy institutes unrestricted submarine warfare in the waters around Great Britain and Ireland.[4]
  • 1930 – While studying photographs taken in January, Clyde Tombaugh discovers Pluto.
  • 1930 – Elm Farm Ollie becomes the first cow to fly in a fixed-wing aircraft and also the first cow to be milked in an aircraft.
  • 1932 – The Empire of Japan creates the independent state of Manzhouguo (the obsolete Chinese name for Manchuria) free from the Republic of China and installed former Chinese Emperor Aisin Gioro Puyi as Chief Executive of the State.
  • 1938 – Second Sino-Japanese War: During the Nanking Massacre, the Nanking Safety Zone International Committee is renamed "Nanking International Rescue Committee", and the safety zone in place for refugees falls apart.
  • 1942 – World War II: The Imperial Japanese Army begins the systematic extermination of perceived hostile elements among the Chinese in Singapore.
  • 1943 – World War II: The Nazis arrest the members of the White Rose movement.
  • 1943 – World War II: Joseph Goebbels delivers his Sportpalast speech.
  • 1946 – Sailors of the Royal Indian Navy mutiny in Bombay harbour, from where the action spreads throughout the Provinces of British India, involving 78 ships, twenty shore establishments and 20,000 sailors
  • 1947 – First Indochina War: The French gain complete control of Hanoi after forcing the Viet Minh to withdraw to mountains.

1951–present[]

  • 1954 – The first Church of Scientology is established in Los Angeles.
  • 1955 – Operation Teapot: Teapot test shot "Wasp" is successfully detonated at the Nevada Test Site with a yield of 1.2 kilotons. Wasp is the first of fourteen shots in the Teapot series.
  • 1957 – Kenyan rebel leader Dedan Kimathi is executed by the British colonial government.
  • 1957 – Walter James Bolton becomes the last person legally executed in New Zealand.
  • 1965 – The Gambia becomes independent from the United Kingdom.
  • 1970 – The Chicago Seven are found not guilty of conspiring to incite riots at the 1968 Democratic National Convention.
  • 1972 – The California Supreme Court in the case of People v. Anderson, (6 Cal.3d 628) invalidates the state's death penalty and commutes the sentences of all death row inmates to life imprisonment.
  • 1977 – The Space Shuttle Enterprise test vehicle is carried on its maiden "flight" on top of a Boeing 747.
  • 1979 – Richard Petty wins a then-record sixth Daytona 500 after leaders Donnie Allison and Cale Yarborough crash on the final lap of the first NASCAR race televised live flag-to-flag.
  • 1983 – Thirteen people die and one is seriously injured in the Wah Mee massacre in Seattle. It is said to be the largest robbery-motivated mass-murder in U.S. history.
  • 1991 – The IRA explodes bombs in the early morning at Paddington station and Victoria station in London.
  • 2001 – FBI agent Robert Hanssen is arrested for spying for the Soviet Union. He is ultimately convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment.
  • 2001 – Sampit conflict: Inter-ethnic violence between Dayaks and Madurese breaks out in Sampit, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, ultimately resulting in more than 500 deaths and 100,000 Madurese displaced from their homes.
  • 2001 – NASCAR Champion Dale Earnhardt dies from an accident on the final lap of the Daytona 500.[5]
  • 2003 – Nearly 200 people die in the Daegu subway fire in South Korea.
  • 2004 – Up to 295 people, including nearly 200 rescue workers, die near Nishapur, Iran, when a runaway freight train carrying sulfur, petrol and fertilizer catches fire and explodes.
  • 2007 – Samjhauta Express bombings occurred around midnight in Diwana near the Indian city of Panipat, 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of New Delhi, India.
  • 2010 – WikiLeaks publishes the first of hundreds of thousands of classified documents disclosed by the soldier now known as Chelsea Manning.
  • 2013 – Armed robbers steal a haul of diamonds worth $50 million during a raid at Brussels Airport in Belgium.
  • 2014 – At least 76 people are killed and hundreds are injured in clashes between riot police and demonstrators in Kyiv, Ukraine.
  • 2021 – Perseverance, a Mars rover designed to explore Jezero crater on Mars, as part of NASA's Mars 2020 mission, lands successfully.[6]

Births[]

Pre-19th century[]

  • 1201 – Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Persian scientist and writer (d. 1274)
  • 1372 – Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Egyptian jurist and scholar (d. 1448)
  • 1486 – Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Indian monk and saint (d. 1534)
  • 1516 – Mary I of England (d. 1558)[7]
  • 1530 – Uesugi Kenshin, Japanese daimyō (d. 1578)
  • 1543 – Charles III, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1608)[8]
  • 1547 – Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī, founder of Isfahan School of Islamic Philosophy (d. 1621)
  • 1559 – Isaac Casaubon, Swiss philologist and scholar (d. 1614)[9]
  • 1589 – Henry Vane the Elder, English politician (d. 1655)
  • 1589 – Maarten Gerritsz Vries, Dutch explorer (d. 1646)
  • 1602 – Per Brahe the Younger, Swedish soldier and politician, Governor-General of Finland (d. 1680)
  • 1602 – Michelangelo Cerquozzi, Italian painter (d. 1660)[10]
  • 1609 – Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, English historian and politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (d. 1674)
  • 1626 – Francesco Redi, Italian physician (d. 1697)
  • 1632 – Giovanni Battista Vitali, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1692)
  • 1642 – Marie Champmeslé, French actress (d. 1698)
  • 1658 – Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint-Pierre, French philosopher and author (d. 1743)
  • 1732 – Johann Christian Kittel, German organist and composer (d. 1809)
  • 1745 – Alessandro Volta, Italian physicist, invented the battery (d. 1827)
  • 1754 – Emanuel Granberg, Finnish church painter (d. 1797)[11]

19th century[]

  • 1814 – Samuel Fenton Cary, American lawyer and politician (d. 1900)
  • 1817 – Lewis Armistead, American general (d. 1863)
  • 1818 – John O'Shanassy, Irish-Australian politician, 2nd Premier of Victoria (d. 1883)[12]
  • 1836 – Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, Indian mystic and yogi (d. 1886)
  • 1838 – Ernst Mach, Austrian physicist and philosopher (d. 1916)
  • 1846 – Wilson Barrett, English actor, playwright, and manager (d. 1904)
  • 1848 – Louis Comfort Tiffany, American stained glass artist (d. 1933)
  • 1849 – Alexander Kielland, Norwegian author, playwright, and politician (d. 1906)
  • 1850 – George Henschel, German-English singer-songwriter, pianist, and conductor (d. 1934)
  • 1855 – Jean Jules Jusserand, French historian, author, and diplomat, French Ambassador to the United States (d. 1932)
  • 1860 – Anders Zorn, Swedish artist (d. 1920)
  • 1862 – Charles M. Schwab, American businessman, co-founded Bethlehem Steel (d. 1939)
  • 1867 – Hedwig Courths-Mahler, German writer (d. 1950)
  • 1870 – William Laurel Harris, American painter and author (d. 1924)
  • 1871 – Harry Brearley, English inventor (d. 1948)
  • 1883 – Nikos Kazantzakis, Greek philosopher, author, and playwright (d. 1957)
  • 1885 – Henri Laurens, French sculptor and illustrator (d. 1954)
  • 1893 – Maksim Haretski, Belarusian prose writer, journalist and activist (d. 1938)
  • 1890 – Edward Arnold, American actor (d. 1956)
  • 1890 – Adolphe Menjou, American actor (d. 1963)
  • 1892 – Wendell Willkie, American captain, lawyer, and politician (d. 1944)
  • 1896 – Li Linsi, Chinese educator and diplomat (d. 1970)
  • 1898 – Luis Muñoz Marín, Puerto Rican poet and politician, 1st Governor of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (d. 1980)
  • 1899 – Arthur Bryant, English historian and journalist (d. 1985)

1901–1950[]

  • 1903 – Nikolai Podgorny, Ukrainian engineer and politician (d. 1983)
  • 1906 – Hans Asperger, Austrian pediatrician and academic (d. 1980)
  • 1909 – Wallace Stegner, American novelist, short story writer, and essayist (d. 1993)
  • 1914 – Pee Wee King, American singer-songwriter and fiddler (d. 2000)
  • 1915 – Phyllis Calvert, English actress (d. 2002)[13]
  • 1919 – Jack Palance, American boxer and actor (d. 2006)
  • 1920 – Rolande Falcinelli, French organist, pianist, composer, and pedagogue (d. 2006)
  • 1921 – Mary Amdur, American toxicologist and public health researcher (d. 1998)
  • 1921 – Oscar Feltsman, Ukrainian-Russian pianist and composer (d. 2013)
  • 1922 – Eric Gairy, Grenadan politician, 1st Prime Minister of Grenada (d. 1997)[14]
  • 1922 – Helen Gurley Brown, American journalist and author (d. 2012)[15]
  • 1925 – George Kennedy, American actor (d. 2016)[16]
  • 1926 – Wallace Berman, American painter and illustrator (d. 1976)
  • 1927 – Fazal Mahmood, Pakistani cricketer (d. 2005)
  • 1929 – Len Deighton, English historian and author
  • 1929 – André Mathieu, Canadian pianist and composer (d. 1968)
  • 1931 – Johnny Hart, American cartoonist, co-created The Wizard of Id (d. 2007)
  • 1931 – Toni Morrison, American novelist and editor, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2019).[17]
  • 1932 – Miloš Forman, Czech-American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2018)[18]
  • 1933 – Yoko Ono, Japanese-American multimedia artist and musician[19]
  • 1933 – Bobby Robson, English international footballer and international manager (d. 2009)[20]
  • 1933 – Mary Ure, Scottish-English actress (d. 1975)
  • 1939 – Claude Ake, Nigerian political scientist and academic (d. 1996)
  • 1940 – Fabrizio De André, Italian singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1999)
  • 1940 – Prue Leith, English restaurateur and journalist
  • 1946 – Michael Buerk, English journalist
  • 1950 – Nana Amba Eyiaba I, Ghanaian queen mother and advocate[21]
  • 1950 – John Hughes, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2009)

1951–present[]

  • 1951 – Queen Komal of Nepal
  • 1951 – Isabel Preysler, Filipino-Spanish journalist
  • 1952 – Randy Crawford, American jazz and R&B singer
  • 1952 – Juice Newton, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
  • 1954 – Charlie Fowler, American mountaineer, author, and photographer (d. 2006)
  • 1954 – John Travolta, American actor, singer and producer[22]
  • 1955 – Lisa See, American writer and novelist[23]
  • 1957 – Marita Koch, German sprinter[24]
  • 1960 – Greta Scacchi, Italian-Australian actress[25]
  • 1967 – Roberto Baggio, Italian international footballer
  • 1967 – Colin Jackson, Welsh sprinter and hurdler[26]
  • 1968 – Molly Ringwald, American actress[27]
  • 1970 – James H. Fowler, American political scientist and author
  • 1971 – Thomas Bjørn, Danish golfer
  • 1974 – Carrie Ann Baade, American painter and academic
  • 1974 – Radek Černý, Czech international footballer[28]
  • 1974 – Julia Butterfly Hill, American environmentalist and author
  • 1975 – Gary Neville, English international footballer
  • 1982 – Christian Tiffert, German footballer
  • 1983 – Jermaine Jenas, English international footballer[29]
  • 1991 – Sebastian Neumann, German footballer
  • 1994 – J-Hope, South Korean rapper, songwriter, dancer, and record producer

Deaths[]

Pre-18th century[]

  • 0675 – Colmán, bishop of Lindisfarne
  • 0814 – Angilbert, Frankish monk and diplomat (b. 760)
  • 0901 – Thābit ibn Qurra, Arab astronomer and physician (b. 826)
  • 0999 – Gregory V, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 972)
  • 1139 – Yaropolk II, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1082)
  • 1218 – Berthold V, duke of Zähringen (b. 1160)
  • 1225 – Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk, Norman nobleman
  • 1294 – Kublai Khan, Mongol emperor (b. 1215)
  • 1379 – Albert II, duke of Mecklenburg (b. 1318)
  • 1397 – Enguerrand VII, French nobleman (b. 1340)
  • 1455 – Fra Angelico, Italian priest and painter (b. 1395)
  • 1478 – George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, English nobleman (b. 1449)
  • 1502 – Hedwig Jagiellon, duchess of Bavaria (b. 1457)
  • 1535 – Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, German magician, astrologer, and theologian (b. 1486)
  • 1546 – Martin Luther, German priest and theologian, leader of the Protestant Reformation (b. 1483)
  • 1564 – Michelangelo, Italian sculptor and painter (b. 1475)
  • 1654 – Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac, French author (b. 1594)
  • 1658 – John Villiers, 1st Viscount Purbeck, English courtier (b. c. 1591)
  • 1683 – Nicolaes Pieterszoon Berchem, Dutch painter (b. 1620)
  • 1695 – William Phips, governor of Massachusetts (b. 1650)

1701–1900[]

  • 1712 – Louis, Dauphin of France, (b. 1682)
  • 1743 – Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Italian noble (b. 1667)
  • 1748 – Otto Ferdinand von Abensberg und Traun, Austrian field marshal (b. 1677)
  • 1772 – Count Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff, Danish politician (b. 1712)
  • 1778 – Joseph Marie Terray, French economist and politician, Controller-General of Finances (b. 1715)
  • 1780 – Kristijonas Donelaitis, Lithuanian pastor and poet (b. 1714)
  • 1788 – John Whitehurst, English geologist and clockmaker (b. 1713)
  • 1803 – Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim, German poet and educator (b. 1719)
  • 1851 – Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, German mathematician and academic (b. 1804)
  • 1873 – Vasil Levski, Bulgarian activist, founded the Internal Revolutionary Organization (b. 1837)
  • 1880 – Nikolay Zinin, Russian organic chemist (b. 1812)
  • 1893 – Serranus Clinton Hastings, American lawyer and politician, 1st Chief Justice of California (b. 1814)

1901–present[]

  • 1902 – Charles Lewis Tiffany, American businessman, founded Tiffany & Co. (b. 1812)
  • 1910 – Lucy Stanton, American activist (b. 1831)[30]
  • 1915 – Frank James, American soldier and criminal (b. 1843)
  • 1933 – James J. Corbett, American boxer and actor (b. 1866)[31]
  • 1938 – David King Udall, American missionary and politician (b. 1851)
  • 1956 – Gustave Charpentier, French composer (b. 1860)
  • 1957 – Henry Norris Russell, American astronomer, astrophysicist, and academic (b. 1877)
  • 1960 – Gertrude Vanderbilt, American stage actress (b. c. 1885) [32]
  • 1967 – J. Robert Oppenheimer, American physicist and academic (b. 1904)
  • 1969 – Dragiša Cvetković, Serbian lawyer and politician, 17th Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (b. 1893)
  • 1977 – Andy Devine, American actor (b. 1905)
  • 1981 – Jack Northrop, American engineer and businessman, founded the Northrop Corporation (b. 1895)
  • 1982 – Ngaio Marsh, New Zealand author (b. 1895)[33]
  • 2001 – Balthus, Polish-Swiss painter and illustrator (b. 1908)
  • 2001 – Dale Earnhardt, American racer and NASCAR seven times champion (b. 1951)[5]
  • 2014 – Mavis Gallant, Canadian-French author and playwright (b. 1922)
  • 2014 – Maria Franziska von Trapp, Austrian-American singer (b. 1914)
  • 2019 – Alessandro Mendini, Italian designer and architect (b. 1931) [34]

Holidays and observances[]

Christian feast days[]

Further information: February 18 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  • Bernadette Soubirous (France)
  • Colmán of Lindisfarne
  • Flavian of Constantinople
  • Geltrude Comensoli
  • Simeon of Jerusalem (Western Christianity)

Others[]

  • Dialect Day (Amami Islands, Japan)
  • Independence Day, celebrates the independence of the Gambia from the United Kingdom in 1965
  • Kurdish Students Union Day (Iraqi Kurdistan)
  • National Democracy Day, celebrates the 1951 overthrow of the Rana dynasty (Nepal)
  • Wife's Day (Konudagur) (Iceland)

References[]

  1. ^ Jaroslav Folda; Professor Jaroslav Folda (5 September 2005). Crusader Art in the Holy Land, From the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre. Cambridge University Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-521-83583-1.
  2. ^ Hector H. Munro (1900). The Rise of the Russian Empire. Library of Alexandria. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-4656-0198-8.
  3. ^ Daniel, Clifton (2004). Chronicle of America. Chronicle Publications. p. 100. ISBN 0-13-133745-9.
  4. ^ Potter, Elmer Belmont; Roger Fredland; Henry Hitch Adams (1981). Sea Power: A Naval History. Naval Institute Press. p. 223. ISBN 0-87021-607-4.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b "Earnhardt dies instantly of head injuries". ESPN Classic. November 19, 2003. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  6. ^ mars.nasa.gov. "Touchdown! NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover Safely Lands on Red Planet". NASA. Retrieved 18 February 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  7. ^ Weikel, Ann (2004; online edition 2008). "Mary I (1516–1558)" in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (subscription or UK public library membership required). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/18245
  8. ^ Bogdan, Henry (2005). La Lorraine des ducs (in French). Perrin. pp. 119–120.
  9. ^ Mark Pattison (1875). Isaac Casaubon 1559 - 1614 by Mark Pattison. Longmans. pp. 3.
  10. ^ Tarchiani, Nello (1931). "CERQUOZZI, Michelangelo". Enciclopedia Italiana (in Italian).
  11. ^ Paula Mäkelä (2015). "Muhoksen kirkon kuvamaalari Emanuel Granberg (1754-1797)". Herran huoneiden kuvamaailma - Muhoksen ekumeeninen kuva- ja ikonikirja (in Finnish). Maahenki Oy. pp. 28, 40. ISBN 978-952-301-036-9.
  12. ^ Ingham, S. M. Cultural Advice. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University – via Australian Dictionary of Biography.
  13. ^ "Phyllis Calvert". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Edinburgh. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  14. ^ Neil A. Hamilton (1995). Founders of Modern Nations: A Biographical Dictionary. ABC-CLIO. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-87436-750-8.
  15. ^ Punch. January 1986. p. 74.
  16. ^ "George Kennedy". www.bafta.org. 13 January 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  17. ^ Monée Fields-White (August 6, 2019). "Nobel Prize Winner Toni Morrison, One Of America's Greatest Writers, Has Died At 88". The Root.com. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
  18. ^ "Oscar-winning director Forman dies at 86". Archived from the original on 2018-04-14. Retrieved 2018-04-14.
  19. ^ Jean Yoon; Yōko Ono (2002). The Yoko Ono Project. Broken Jaw Press. pp. 41. ISBN 978-1-55391-001-5.
  20. ^ "Bobby Robson". soccerbase.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  21. ^ "Nana Amba Eyiaba I". Council of Women Traditional Leaders. Archived from the original on September 8, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  22. ^ "Monitor". Entertainment Weekly (1247). February 22, 2013. p. 32.
  23. ^ See, Lisa. "VIAF record". Virtual International Authority File. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  24. ^ "Marita Koch - Zu schnell, um wahr zu sein?". www.ndr.de (in German). Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  25. ^ "Greta Scacchi profile". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  26. ^ Richard Dale; Colin Cameron (August 1994). The contenders. Boxtree. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-7522-0948-7.
  27. ^ "Molly Ringwald Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  28. ^ "Radek Cerny". soccerbase.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  29. ^ "Jermaine Jenas". soccerbase.com. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  30. ^ Smith, Jessie Carney; Phelp, Shirelle (1996). Notable Black American Women Book 2. New York: Gale Research. p. 589. ISBN 978-0-81034-749-6.
  31. ^ "James J. Corbett | American boxer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  32. ^ Cullen, Frank; Hackman, Florence; McNeilly, Donald (2007). Vaudeville, Old & New: An Encyclopedia of Variety Performers in America, Volume 1. Routledge. pp. 1149–1150. ISBN 9780415938532.
  33. ^ "Ngaio Marsh". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Edinburgh. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  34. ^ "Alessandro Mendini, Designer Known for Splash, Is Dead at 87". The New York Times. 2019-03-24. Archived from the original on 2019-03-24. Retrieved 2019-03-25.

External links[]

Retrieved from ""