French Cochinchina

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Colony of Cochinchina
Cochinchine française  (French)
Xứ thuộc địa Nam Kỳ (處屬地南圻)
1862–1945
1945–1949
Motto: "Liberté, égalité, fraternité"
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
Anthem: "La Marseillaise"
Menu
0:00
Localised version of the Great Seal of France:[1]
French Indo-Chinese version of the Great Seal of the French Republic (Jean Auguste Barre).svg
Cochinchina in 1920
Cochinchina in 1920
StatusOccupied Territory of France (1858-1862)
Colony of France (1862-1887)
Constituent territory of French Indochina (1887-1949)
CapitalSaigon
Common languagesFrench
Vietnamese
Chinese
Khmer
Religion
Buddhism
Confucianism
Taoism
Catholicism
Animism
Caodaism
Hòa Hảo
Islam
Demonym(s)Cochinchinese
GovernmentColonial administration (1858-1945)
Autonomous Republic (1945-1949)
Governor 
• 1858-1859
Charles Rigault de Genouilly
• 1947-1949
Historical eraNew Imperialism
• Capture of Saigon
17 February 1859
5 June 1862
• Part of French Indochina
17 October 1887
28 July 1941
2 September 1945
• "Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina"
1 June 1946
• Merged to the Central Government
4 June 1949
Area
186865,478 km2 (25,281 sq mi)
193965,478 km2 (25,281 sq mi)
Population
• 1868
1,294,000[2]
• 1939
5,176,000[2]
CurrencyVietnamese văn (1862–1945)
Cochinchina piastre (1878–1885)
French Indochinese piastre (1885–1949)
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Empire of Đại Nam
1887:
French Indochina
1949:
Provisional Central Government of Vietnam
Today part ofVietnam

French Cochinchina (sometimes spelled Cochin-China; French: Cochinchine française, Vietnamese: Nam Kỳ, Hán tự: 南圻) was a colony of French Indochina, encompassing the whole region of Lower Cochinchina or Southern Vietnam from 1862 to early 1945. In 1946, it was established as the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina, a controversial decision that helped trigger the First Indochina War. In 1948, the autonomous republic, whose legal status had never been formalized, was renamed as the Provisional Government of Southern Vietnam, not to be confused with the 1969–76 Viet Cong government. It was reunited with the rest of Vietnam in 1949.

Nam Kỳ originated from the reign of Minh Mạng of the Nguyễn dynasty, but became a name associated with the French colonial period and so Vietnamese, especially nationalists, prefer the term Nam Bộ to refer to Southern Vietnam.

History[]

French conquest[]

Main article: Cochinchina Campaign
Capture of Saigon by France

For a series of complex reasons, the Second French Empire of Napoleon III, with the help of Spanish troops arriving from the Spanish East Indies, attacked Đà Nẵng (Tourane) of Nguyen Dynasty Vietnam in September 1858. Unable to occupy Đà Nẵng, the alliance moved to Lower Cochinchina in the South. On 17 February 1859, they captured Saigon. Later on, the French defeated the Nguyễn army at the Battle of Ky Hoa in 1861. The Vietnamese government was forced to cede the three southern Vietnamese provinces of Biên Hòa, Gia Định and Định Tường to France in June 1862 Treaty of Saigon.[3]

Consolidation of power[]

Further information: French Indochina
The six provinces of Lower Cochinchina in 1863

In 1867, the provinces of An Giang, Hà Tiên and Vĩnh Long were added to French-controlled territory. All the territories in southern Vietnam were declared to be the new French colony of Cochinchina, which would be governed by Admiral Marie Jules Dupré from 1871 to 1874.

In 1887, it became part of the Union of French Indochina. Unlike the protectorates of Annam (central Vietnam) and Tonkin (northern Vietnam), Cochinchina was ruled directly by the French, both de jure and de facto, and was represented by a deputy in the National Assembly in Paris. Together with Tonkin, it was one of the economic centers of French Indochina.

Fifty-one Vietnamese rebels were executed following the 1916 Cochinchina uprising. In 1933, the Spratly Islands were annexed to French Cochinchina. In July 1941, Japanese troops were based in French Cochinchina and established a de facto occupation. After the Japanese surrendered in August 1945, Cochinchina was returned to French rule.

End[]

Main articles: Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina and First Indochina War

In 1945, Cochinchina was ruled directly by the Japanese after they had taken over from the French in March. In August, it was briefly incorporated into the Empire of Vietnam. Later that month, the Japanese surrendered to the Việt Minh during the August Revolution.[4] On September 2, 1945 Việt Minh established Democratic Republic of Vietnam with territory of Annam, Tonkin and Cochinchina.[4] The independentists held the general election on January 6, 1946 in order to establish the first National Assembly in Vietnam.[5] The elections were supposedly organized in all areas of Vietnam including Cochinchina, but the southern colony was by then back under the control of the French.

On June 1, 1946, while the Viet Minh leadership was in France for negotiations, southern autonomists proclaimed a government of Cochinchina, at the initiative of High Commissioner d'Argenlieu and in violation of the March 6 Ho–Sainteny agreement. The colony was proclaimed an "Autonomous Republic".[6] War between France and the Viet Minh followed (1946–54). Nguyễn Văn Thinh, the first head of its government, died in an apparent suicide in November of the same year. He was succeeded by Lê Văn Hoạch, a member of the caodaist sect. In 1947, Nguyễn Văn Xuân replaced Lê and renamed the "Provisional Government of the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina" as the "Provisional Government of Southern Vietnam", overtly stating his aim to reunite the whole country.[7]

The next year, the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam was proclaimed with the merger of Annam and Tonkin: Xuân became its Prime minister and left office in Cochichina, where he was replaced by Trần Văn Hữu. Xuân and the French had agreed to reunite Vietnam, but Cochinchina posed a problem because of its ill-defined legal status. The reunification was opposed by the French colonists, who were still influential in the Cochinchinese council, and by Southern Vietnamese autonomists: they delayed the process of reunification by arguing that Cochinchina was still legally a colony - as its new status as a Republic had never been ratified by the French National Assembly - and that any territorial change therefore required the approval of the French parliament. Xuân issued a by-law reuniting Cochinchina with the rest of Vietnam, but it was overruled by the Cochinchinese council.[8]

Cochinchina remained separated from the rest of Vietnam for over a year, while former Emperor Bảo Đại – whom the French wanted to bring back to power as a political alternative to Ho Chi Minh – refused to return to Vietnam and take office as head of state until the country was fully reunited. On March 14, 1949, the French National Assembly voted a law permitting the creation of a Territorial Assembly of Cochinchina. This new Cochinchinese parliament was elected on April 10, 1949, with the Vietnamese representatives then becoming a majority. On April 23, the Territorial Assembly approved the merger of the Provisional Government of Southern Vietnam with the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam. The decision was in turn approved by the French National Assembly on May 20,[8] and the merger was effective on June 4.[9] The State of Vietnam could then be proclaimed, with Bảo Đại as head of state.[8]

Administration[]

Government[]

See also: French Indochina § Administration

The highest office in the government of French Cochinchina was the Governor of Cochinchina (統督南圻, Thống đốc Nam Kỳ), who after 1887 reported directly to the Governor-General of French Indochina.[10] As French Cochinchina was a directly-ruled colony the French colonial apparatus operated at every level of government including at the provincial, district, and communal levels.[10]

Each Cochinchinese province was headed by French official with the title of "Chủ tỉnh" (主省) or "Tỉnh trưởng" (省長), these French officials had similar roles and responsibilities as the equivalent French "Công sứ" (公使) had in the provinces of the Nguyễn dynasty.[10] The provinces of French Cochinchina was further divided into districts known as "Tong" headed by a "Chanh tong", which were further divided into communes known as "xã" (社), which were headed by a "Huong ca".[10] Both the district and commune chiefs were salaried employees of the French colonial administration.[10]

Laws[]

During the early periods of French rule in Cochinchina both French laws and Nguyễn dynasty laws applied and offenders of both faced trial in French courts.[11] Initially French people were tried using French laws and Vietnamese people (then known as "Annamese people") were tried using the Nguyễn dynasty's laws alongside a new set of provisions that the French had introduced for their colonial subjects.[11] The French courts applied their rulings based on the two different legal systems.[11] After their consolidation of power the Nguyễn's laws were completely abolished in French Cochinchina and only French laws applied to everyone in the colony.[11]

On 6 January 1903, the Governor-General of French Indochina issued a decree that French that offences for both French and indigenous laws would go to French courts and that offenders would only be tried against French Cochinchina's penal code.[11] During this period the Governor-General of French Indochina also issued a decree that introduced new laws to fine people for a number of common offences outside of the French penal code.[11]

Gallery[]

  • Cochinchina in 1829 under Nguyễn Dynasty

  • Cochinchina in 1876

  • Cochinchina in 1878

  • Cochinchina in 1882

  • Cochinchina in 1906

  • Cochinchina in 1929

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Lecompte, Jean - Monnaies et jetons de l'Indochine Française. (Principality of Monaco, 2013) Quote: "Les légendes sont bien sûr modifiées. A gauche, les attributs de l'agriculture et des beaux-arts sont remplacés par des épis de riz et à droite figure une ancre symbolisant le ministère de la Marine et des Colonies. Hélas, Albert-Désiré Barre décède le 29 décembre 1878 et c'est alors son frère aîné Auguste-Jean Barre qui lui succède et mène à terme le projet. Les premières frappes sortent en 1879." (in French)
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b GDP of North and South Vietnam from 1800 to 1970, Davis, University of California, January 2000
  3. ^ Pierre Brocheux and Daniel Hémery, Indochine : la colonisation ambiguë 1858-1954, La Découverte, 2004, p. 34-35
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b "Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam". historymatters.gmu.edu. Retrieved 2020-08-02.
  5. ^ Trương Đắc Linh (December 12, 2008). "Cuộc tổng tuyển cử đầu tiên năm 1946 - Một mốc son lịch sử của thể chế" [The first general election in 1946 - A historic milestone of the institution] (in Vietnamese). Trường Đại Học Luật TP. Hồ Chí Minh. Archived from the original on 2016-06-28. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
  6. ^ Frederick Logevall Embers of War Random House 2012 p. 137
  7. ^ Philippe Devillers, Histoire du viêt-nam de 1940 à 1952, Seuil, 1952, pp 418-419
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c Philippe Franchini, Les Guerres d'Indochine, vol. I, Pygmalion - Gérard Watelet, Paris, 1988, pp. 399-406
  9. ^ Fac-similé JO du 5 juin 1949, French Cochinchina Legifrance.gouv.fr.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Pham Diem (State and Law Research Institute) (24 February 2011). "The state structure in French-ruled Vietnam (1858-1945)". Vietnam Law and Legal Forum magazine, Vietnam News Agency - Your gateway to the law of Vietnam. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Pham Diem (State and Law Research Institute) (24 February 2011). "Legislation in French-ruled Vietnam". Vietnam Law and Legal Forum magazine, Vietnam News Agency - Your gateway to the law of Vietnam. Retrieved 10 August 2021.

Further reading[]

Retrieved from ""