List of megaprojects

This is a list of megaprojects, which may be defined as:

Projects that cost more than US$1 billion and attract a large amount of public attention because of substantial impacts on communities, the natural and built environment, and budgets.
Projects that are "initiatives that are physical, very expensive, and public".^[1]

Some examples include bridges, tunnels, highways, railways, airports, seaports, power plants, dams, wastewater projects, Special Economic Zones (SEZ), oil and natural gas extraction projects, public buildings, information technology systems, aerospace projects, and weapons systems. This list identifies a wide variety of examples of major historic and contemporary projects that meet one or both megaproject criteria identified above.

Legend[]

Terms used in the Status Column	Status Color
Proposed
In Planning, Approved, Under/In Development, Under Construction, Re-Construction In Progress, Nearly Complete
On Hold
Abandoned, Cancelled
Completed

Aerospace projects[]

Boeing 787

Airbus A380, a double-deck, wide-body, four-engine jet airliner manufactured by Airbus.
Antonov An-225 is the longest and heaviest aircraft in service. Only one unit was ever completed.
Boeing B-29 Superfortress, the first nuclear bomber, which cost 50% more than the development of the bombs in the Manhattan Project.
Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, with six decades of service as a strategic nuclear bomber, it is one of the largest military aircraft ever built. Every other bomber produced in the US after the B-52 have been megaprojects; however, it has not been replaced nor will it be in the foreseeable future.
Boeing 2707 and Lockheed L-2000 supersonic aircraft projects, initiated in 1963 via a US government-funded competition to build the United States' first Supersonic Transport (SST), prototypes never built, ultimately canceled due to political, environmental and economic reasons in 1971.
Boeing 747, a wide-body commercial airliner first produced in 1970, often referred to by the nickname Jumbo Jet,^[2]^[3] is among the world's most recognizable aircraft with uses for long-distance passenger transport, cargo, the US President's official shuttle plane, and as NASA's Shuttle Carrier Aircraft.
Boeing 787, made in the United States with local and globally sourced parts, is the first major aircraft to be made largely out of composite materials.^[4]
Concorde, a supersonic passenger airliner, a product of an Anglo-French government treaty that combined the manufacturing efforts of Aérospatiale and the British Aircraft Corporation, first flown in 1969, Concorde entered service in 1976 and continued commercial flights for twenty-seven years.
Convair B-58 Hustler, an all-weather, high altitude supersonic bomber with a fixed delta wing and 4 engines. The Hustler was operational from 1960 to 1970 in the US Air Force's Strategic Air Command for the deployment of up to 5 gravity nuclear weapons.
Lockheed C-5 Galaxy was the largest and heaviest aircraft of any kind for over a decade (1970 to 1982). This military cargo plane has the dubious distinction of being the first development program with a billion dollar cost overrun.^[5]^[6]
F-22 Raptor, a single seat, twin-engine fifth-generation fighter manufactured by Lockheed Martin that uses stealth technology.
F-35 Lightning II, a single seat, single engine, all-weather stealth multirole combat aircraft that is intended to perform both air superiority and strike missions.
Sukhoi Su-57/HAL FGFA, two variants of fifth-generation stealth fighters jointly being developed by Sukhoi and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited for the Russian and the Indian Air Forces as a combined effort by Russia and India.
Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit, also known as the Stealth Bomber, a US heavy bomber with "low observable" stealth. Total program cost including development, engineering, and testing averaged $2.1 billion per aircraft in 1997.^[7]
KH-11 reconnaissance satellite, manufactured by Lockheed Corporation and launched between 1976 and 1990.
Rockwell B-1 Lancer, a supersonic bomber with a variable-sweep wing built in the 1980s as a strategic bomber. It has since acquired conventional and multi-role capabilities.
Tupolev Tu-144, the first supersonic transport aircraft, made by the Russian aircraft company Tupolev, first flown on 31 December 1968 and entered service on 26 December 1975.
Tupolev Tu-160, the world's largest and heaviest combat aircraft, the world's largest supersonic aircraft, and the largest variable-sweep aircraft ever built. (The North American XB-70 Valkyrie had a higher empty weight and maximum speed but never entered production.)

Disaster cleanup[]

Construction of the new confinement structure for the nuclear reactor that melted down at Chernobyl in Ukraine.

Bags of oily waste are piled up during the cleanup of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989.

While most megaprojects are planned and undertaken with careful forethought, some are undertaken out of necessity after a natural disaster occurs. There have also been a few man-made disasters.

The Chernobyl New Safe Confinement was built to enclose the #4 reactor that was destroyed in the Chernobyl disaster of 1986 (completed summer 2019^[8]^[9])
The Fukushima disaster cleanup is ongoing, and includes the removal of spent nuclear fuel stored at the site of the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.
Cleaning up the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Exxon Valdez oil spill, and AZF chemical factory explosion were megaprojects^{[citation needed]}.
Many hurricanes and typhoons have caused extensive damage and required large cleanup efforts, the largest of which included projects that targeted the damaged infrastructure. The list of costliest Atlantic hurricanes covers the ones in the Atlantic region, including Hurricane Katrina from 2005.
Many earthquakes (and resultant tsunamis) have caused enough damage to infrastructure that enormous projects were undertaken. The 1994 Northridge earthquake, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami are some of the most notorious and recent events that led to a megaproject.
Flooding is the cause of many disasters. Some have caused enough damage that a megaproject would be used to recover. The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and the 2011 Mississippi River floods are examples.
The cleanup and recovery from the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in rural Washington state was of megaproject proportions.^{[citation needed]}
Major restoration was necessary after the destruction caused by World War I and II, some of which was paid for by German reparations for World War I and for World War II.

Energy projects[]

Boundary Dam Power Station, the world's first large-scale, coal-fired carbon capture and storage plant.^[10]
Olkiluoto 3, a nuclear power-plant in Eurajoki, Finland, planned to be completed in 2021.^[11]
Kemper Project, or Kemper County Energy Facility, is the world's first construction attempt of an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle plant with Carbon Capture & Sequestration.^[12] However, after significant delays and cost overruns, the gasification process is currently suspended and the power plant runs just on regular natural gas.
The Panamanian Natural Gas electric power plant is a project with an investment of 1.15 billion US dollars located in Colon province. It is also meant as a port for supplying Natural Gas to other Central American countries.^[13]
Tres Amigas SuperStation, an interconnection to connect the Eastern Interconnection to the Western Interconnection and the Texas Interconnection.This will effectively connect nearly all electrical grids in North America.
Three Gorges Dam, the largest hydro-electric facility in the world.
Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station, was a project to construct some of the first new nuclear units in the United States in over 30 years, at an existing nuclear power plant in Jenkinsville, South Carolina. The project was cancelled and all work stopped in July 2017.^[14]
Vogtle Electric Generating Plant, is a project to construct two new nuclear units at an existing nuclear power plant in Waynesboro, Georgia.
Australia–ASEAN Power Link, a proposed electricity infrastructure project that is planned to include the world's largest solar plant, the world's largest battery, and the world's longest submarine power cable. Current estimates place construction costs at A$16 Billion.^{[citation needed]}

World's largest photovoltaic power stations
Name	Capacity (MW)	Location	Year Completed
Bhadla Solar Park	2,245	Rajasthan, India	2020^[15]^[16]^[17]
Pavagada Solar Park	2,245	Karnataka, India	2019^[18]^[19]
Tengger Desert Solar Park	1,547	Ningxia, China	2016^[20]^[21]
Benban Solar Park	1,500	Egypt	2019
	1,177	United Arab Emirates	2019^[22]

Largest operational solar thermal power stations
Name	Capacity (MW)	Location	Notes
Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park	1000	Bahawalpur, Pakistan	Phase-1 of 100 MW Operational since 2015. other under construction.
Ivanpah Solar Power Facility	392	Mojave Desert, California, USA	Operational since February 2014. Located southwest of Las Vegas.
Solar Energy Generating Systems	354	Mojave Desert, California, USA	Commissioned between 1984 and 1991. Collection of 9 units.
Mojave Solar Project	280	Barstow, California, USA	Completed December 2014
Solana Generating Station	280	Gila Bend, Arizona, USA	Completed October 2013 Includes a 6h thermal energy storage
Genesis Solar Energy Project	250	Blythe, California, USA	Completed April 2014

Science projects[]

CMS detector for LHC

Atacama Large Millimeter Array
Copernicus programme, €8.4 Billion European satellite project for global, total and permanent Earth observations.
COVID-19 vaccine
Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (in work) Long Baseline Neutrino Facility
Envisat, an Earth observation satellite of European Space Agency (2002–2012)
European Spallation Source, strongest ever spallation source for advanced and new material research development.
European X-ray free electron laser, used for material research (since 2017).
Extreme Light Infrastructure, European centers for the most intense lasers (under construction)
Extremely Large Telescope, world's largest optical to mid infrared telescope (under construction)
Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research, in Germany (2012–)^[23]
Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST), the world's largest static/semi-static radio telescope measuring 500 meters across located in Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.
Giant Magellan Telescope, a large ground-based optical and near infrared telescope (under construction)
Human Genome Project, investigation to determine human genetic sequence (1990–2003) – cost $14.5bn, but generated an output of $965bn, personal income exceeding $293bn and more than 4.3 million job-years of employment.^[24]
India-based Neutrino Observatory (under construction)
ITER, International nuclear fusion project, in France (under construction) at a cost of $20bn.
Large Hadron Collider, a 13 TeV CERN particle accelerator, in Switzerland and France (2000-ongoing)^[25]
Advanced LIGO, a large-scale physics experiment and observatory to measure gravitational waves, with total cost more than US$1 billion.^[26]
Manhattan Project, in the United States (1945) – 30bn in 2012 dollars^[27]
, an advanced manufacturing partnership^[28]
MYRRHA, prototype of an accelerator-driven system to transmute nuclear waste.
National Ignition Facility, United States nuclear fusion project (1997-ongoing)
Ocean Networks Canada cabled Observatories. Largest underwater observatories, providing 24/7 access to hundreds of instruments in the Pacific Ocean and the Salish Sea (2005–)
Square Kilometre Array in South Africa and Australia (under construction)
Superconducting Super Collider, canceled 40 TeV particle accelerator in Texas (1991–1993)
Tevatron 1 TeV particle accelerator, in the United States (1983–2011)
Thirty Meter Telescope, a large optical and near infrared telescope (under construction)
Very Large Array, a radio astronomy observatory in the US
Wendelstein 7-X, an experimental stellarator (nuclear fusion reactor) in Greifswald, Germany.

Spacecraft[]

Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics, a planned X-ray telescope being developed by ESA which will launch in 2028.
Cassini–Huygens, a joint NASA/ESA/ASI spacecraft mission studying the planet Saturn and its many natural satellites since 2004. The total cost of this project is about $3.26 billion.^[29]
Chandrayaan program, a lunar exploration program of ISRO of India.
Chang'e 1 to Chang'e 6, a series of lunar exploration spacecraft sent by People's Republic of China for their lunar exploration program, equipped with landers, orbiters and rover. It will for the first time in history explore the 'dark-side' of the Moon.
Compass navigation system, an independent system of satellite navigation by People's Republic of China (Est. 2015–2017)
Europa Clipper, an interplanetary mission in development by NASA to study Jupiter's moon Europa. (2022–)
Gaia spacecraft, an ESA mission to create a 3D map of local Milky Way. ($1 billion,^[30] since 2013)
Galileo Navigation Satellite System, a European Union and European Space Agency global satellite navigation system, €5 billion^[31] (since 2016)
Galileo spacecraft, a mission to Jupiter (1989–2003) ($1.5 billion as 2003.^[32]^[33])
Global Positioning System, a global satellite navigation system created by the United States Department of Defense, $21.7 billion or more^[34] (since 1973)
GLONASS, the Russian global navigation satellite system (since 1982)
Herschel Space Observatory, ESA space observatory sensitive to the far infrared and submillimetre bands (€1.1 billion^[35])
Hubble Space Telescope, an optical telescope orbiting in low Earth orbit, $10 billion (1978–)
International Space Station, multinational space station in low Earth orbit (1998–), 150bn in 2010 dollars^[36]
James Webb Space Telescope (under construction, cost $8.8 billion in 2013^[37])
Juno spacecraft, a NASA New Frontiers mission to the planet Jupiter (2011– )
Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer, a planned mission to Jupiter (Est. 2022)
Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, an L3 class mission by ESA designed to detect and accurately measure gravitational waves.
Lunokhod ("Moonwalker"), was a series of Soviet robotic lunar rovers designed to land on the Moon between 1969 and 1977. Lunokhod 1 was the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on another world.
Mars program was a series of unmanned spacecraft launched by the Soviet Union between 1960 and 1973. The spacecraft were intended to explore Mars, and included flyby probes, landers and orbiters.
Mars Science Laboratory (with Curiosity rover), $2.5 billion^[38]
Mars 2020, a Mars rover mission by NASA's Mars Exploration Program, launched 30 July 2020.
Mir, Russian space station in low Earth orbit (1986–2001).
Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, a planned wide field infrared space telescope by NASA.
NAVIC, the Indian equivalent of GPS developed by ISRO.
Orion spacecraft, a planned spacecraft that is being built by Lockheed Martin for NASA.
Planck spacecraft, an ESA's mission to measure the cosmic microwave background.
Venera (Venus) series space probes were developed by the Soviet Union between 1961 and 1984 to gather data from Venus. Venera 7 became the first spacecraft to land on Venus and first to transmit data from there back to Earth.
Sutherland Spaceport, a planned space port in the north of Scotland

Other spaceflight projects[]

Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, a $2 billion particle physics experiment module that is mounted on the International Space Station since 2011^[39]
Apollo program (1960–1975), as a centerpiece of the US Space Program, culminated in manned exploratory missions to the Moon, $203.4 billion in 2015 dollars^[40]
Ariane, a family of European launch vehicles; the most recent development is Ariane 6
Avatar RLV, Indian version of the Space Shuttle, being developed by the DRDO and ISRO.
Baikonur Cosmodrome is the world's first and largest operational space launch facility. It was originally built by the Soviet Union in the late 1950s as the base of operations for the Soviet space program.
Buran program, canceled Soviet version of the Space Shuttle (1980–1993)
Constellation program, canceled planned moon landing spacecraft and space shuttle replacement, part lives on as future Crew Escape Vehicle for ISS (2005–2010)
SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure, a privately funded spaceflight system capable of enabling human settlements on Mars (2016– )
Kennedy Space Center, the main spaceport for US manned space flight, located in Cape Canaveral, Florida.
Shenzhou program, Chinese human spaceflight program (since 1992)
Soyuz program, Soviet/Russian human spaceflight program (since 1966)
Soviet Moonshot, canceled Moon landing program (1962–1969)
Space Launch System, an American Space Shuttle-derived heavy expendable launch vehicle (2011– )
Space Shuttle program (1972–2011), low Earth orbiters designed as manned cargo vessels that could be reused after each spaceflight and landed like a glider, $203.6 billion in 2015 dollars^[41]
Vostochny Cosmodrome ("Eastern Spaceport") is a Russian spaceport on the 51st parallel north in the Amur Oblast, in the Russian Far East.
Vostok program, Soviet program to put the first man in space (1959–1963)

Sports and culture projects[]

Every Olympic Games and FIFA World Cup in the latter part of the twentieth century and entering into the 21st century has cost more than $1 billion in arenas, hotels etc., usually several billions.

Indian Sports Megaprojects[]

Indian Sports Megaprojects
Project	City/State	Status	Cost	Notes
Sardar Vallbhbhai Patel Sports Enclave	Ahmedabad, Gujarat	Partially operational	US$640 million
Narendra Modi Stadium	Ahmedabad, Gujarat	Completed	US$110 million	It is the largest cricket stadium in the world with a seating capacity of 132,000 spectators.^[42]

Olympic Games[]

Note: Some values are not shown on the other list due to research, which needs verification. The listed costs were converted to US Dollars at the time of the games.

FIFA World Cup[]

Major League Baseball (MLB)[]

MLB megaprojects
Project	City/State	Status	Cost	Notes
Globe Life Field	Arlington, Texas	Completed	$1,100,000,000	This retractable-roof stadium opened in 2020 as the new home of the Texas Rangers.^[43]
Yankee Stadium	New York City (Bronx), New York	Completed	$2,309,000,000 ($2.79 billion in 2019 dollars^[44])	This open-air stadium opened in 2009 as the replacement for the New York Yankees' original Yankee Stadium.^[45] It has since become home to a Major League Soccer team, New York City FC.

National Basketball Association (NBA)[]

NBA megaprojects
Project	City/State	Status	Cost	Notes
Barclays Center	Brooklyn, New York	Completed	$1,000,000,000 ($1.13 billion in 2019 dollars^[44])	Opened in 2012 as the new home of the Brooklyn Nets. Also served as full-time or part-time home of the NHL's New York Islanders from 2015 to 2020.^[46]

National Football League (NFL)[]

NFL megaprojects
Project	City/State	Status	Cost	Notes
Allegiant Stadium	Paradise, Nevada	Completed	$1,900,000,000	This domed stadium opened in 2020 as home to the Las Vegas Raiders as well as a local college team, the UNLV Rebels.^[47]
AT&T Stadium	Arlington, Texas	Completed	$1,300,000,000 ($1.57 billion in 2019 dollars^[44])	A retractable-roof stadium that opened in 2009 as the new home of the Dallas Cowboys. It also hosts other major events, most notably the Big 12 Championship Game and Cotton Bowl Classic in college football.^[48]
Levi's Stadium	Santa Clara, California	Completed	$1,300,000,000 ($1.42 billion in 2019 dollars^[44])	An open-air stadium that opened in 2014 as the new home of the San Francisco 49ers.^[49]
Mercedes-Benz Stadium	Atlanta, Georgia	Completed	$1,600,000,000 ($1.69 billion in 2019 dollars^[44])	A retractable-roof stadium that opened in 2017 as the new home of the Atlanta Falcons, as well as Atlanta United FC of Major League Soccer.
MetLife Stadium	East Rutherford, New Jersey	Completed	$1,600,000,000 ($1.9 billion in 2019 dollars^[44])	An open-air stadium that opened in 2011 as the new home of two NFL teams, the New York Giants and New York Jets.
SoFi Stadium	Inglewood, California	Completed	$4,900,000,000	This domed stadium opened in 2020 as home to two NFL teams, the Los Angeles Rams (which own the stadium) and Los Angeles Chargers.^[50]
U.S. Bank Stadium	Minneapolis, Minnesota	Completed	$1,061,000,000 ($1.14 billion in 2019 dollars^[44])	A domed stadium that opened in 2016 as the new home of the Minnesota Vikings.^[51]

National Hockey League (NHL)[]

NHL megaprojects
Project	City/State	Status	Cost	Notes
Climate Pledge Arena	Seattle, Washington	Under Construction	$1,050,000,000	Renovation and expansion of Seattle's main indoor arena for the forthcoming Seattle Kraken, set to start NHL play in 2021. The originally planned cost of $700 million was increased due to changes to the arena plans and COVID-19 issues. A very small part of the total cost was to pay for another major arena tenant, the Seattle Storm of the WNBA, to move its home games to other area venues during the project. The arena will also be suitable for a potential NBA franchise in the city.^[52]
UBS Arena	Elmont, Nassau County, New York	Under Construction	$1,000,000,000	Construction of this new arena started in 2019 and completion is expected sometime in 2021. This new multi-use arena is being designed to handle 18,000 seats to host New York Islanders home games.^[53] This new arena will also include other multi-use functions.

Chinese megaprojects[]

Chinese megaprojects
Project	City, Province	Status	Cost (local currency)	Cost (USD)	Notes
Guangzhou Evergrande Football Stadium	Guangzhou, Guangdong	Under Construction	¥12,000,000,000	$1,700,000,000	Construction on this 100,000-seat football (soccer) stadium, the future home of Guangzhou F.C. of the Chinese Super League, began in April 2020 and is scheduled to be complete in 2022.^[54]

UK megaprojects[]

UK megaprojects
Project	City	Status	Cost (local currency)	Cost (USD)	Notes
Tottenham Hotspur Stadium	London, England	Completed	£850,000,000	$1,120,000,000^[a]	Opened in 2019 as the new home of Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Also designed to host American football games in the NFL International Series.^[55]
Wembley Stadium	London, England	Completed	£798,000,000 (£1.12 billion in 2019 pounds^[56])	$1,564,000,000^[b]	Opened in 2007 as the new home of the England national football team; also designed to host many other large events.^[57]

^ Based on conversion rate of $1.32 per pound on the stadium's opening date of 3 April 2019; rounded to nearest $1 million.
^ Based on conversion rate of $1.96 per pound on the stadium's opening date of 9 March 2007; rounded to nearest $1 million.

Roads and transport infrastructure[]

Ground transportation systems like roads, tunnels, bridges, terminals, railways, and mass transit systems are often megaprojects. Numerous large airports and terminals used for airborne passenger and cargo transportation are built as megaprojects.

Africa[]

West Africa[]

African Union

Great Green Wall of Sahara

The Third Mainland Bridge is currently the longest of three bridges connecting the island of Lagos to the mainland.

Nigeria[]

Project	City/State	Status	Cost	Notes
Abuja Light Rail	Abuja, FCT	Under Construction	$2,650,000,000	The Abuja Light Rail project is a light rail transport system that is underway in Abuja in Federal Capital Territory. The first phase of the project connects the city centre to Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport, stopping at the Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway station in Idu. The first 12 stations opened in July 2018.^[58] The first phase of the project cost $824 million,^[59] while the second phase will be costing $1.79 billion.^[60]
Fourth Mainland Bridge	Ikorodu to Lekki, Lagos State	Under Development	$4,200,000,000	The fourth mainland bridge will join three other bridges connecting the Island of Lagos to the mainland. The 38 km bridge and expressway will become the longest bridge and expressway in the world when completed.^[61]
	From Lagos, Lagos to Calabar, Cross River	Under Development	$11,920,000,000	The Lagos–Calabar Railway is a planned standard gauge railway that will run from Lagos through to Calabar. The first phase of the project (Calabar-Port Harcourt) is expected to be completed by 2018. The total length of the rail will be 1,402 kilometres.^[62]^{[needs update]}
Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway	From Lagos, Lagos to Kano, Kano State	Under Construction	$8,300,000,000	The Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway is a standard gauge railway across Nigeria, from the port of Lagos to Kano, near the Niger border. The railway will run parallel to the British-built Cape gauge line, which has a lower design capacity and is in a deteriorated condition. The Abuja-Kaduna route is completed and operational, whilst the Lagos-Ibadan route is underconstruction, and several other routes are underdevelopment. The total length of the rail will be 2,733 kilometres.^[63]
Lagos Rail Mass Transit	Lagos, Lagos	Under Construction	$3,600,000,000	The Lagos Rail Mass Transit is an urban rail system being developed and under construction in Lagos. The system is envisioned to consist eventually of seven lines.^[64] The railway equipment including electric power, signalling, rolling stock, and fare collection equipment will be provided by the private sector under a Concession Contract, while LAMATA is responsible for policy direction, regulation, and infrastructure for the network. The first section of the network, Phase I of the Blue Line, was originally planned to be completed in 2011. After many delays caused by funding shortfalls, the opening date was revised to 2022.^[65]
Third Mainland Bridge	Lagos, Lagos State	Completed	Unknown	The Third Mainland Bridge is currently the longest of three bridges connecting the island of Lagos to the mainland. It was completed in 1990 and became the longest bridge in Africa. The bridge was built by Julius Berger Nigeria PLC and it measures about 11.8 km in length.

Asia[]

East Asia[]

People's Republic of China[]

Project	City/District/Province/Prefecture	Status	Cost	Notes
China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)	Area from Kashgar, China to South coast of Pakistan	Under Development	$62,000,000,000	The project aims to connect Gwadar Port in southwestern Pakistan (Central Asia/South Asia) to China's northwestern (East Asia) autonomous region of Xinjiang, via a network of highways, railways and pipelines to transport oil and gas.^[66] The economic corridor is considered central to China–Pakistan relations and will run about 3,000 km from Gwadar to Kashgar. Other than transport infrastructure, the economic corridor will provide Pakistan with telecommunications and energy infrastructure. The project also aims to improve intelligence sharing between the countries.
Beijing Daxing International Airport	Daxing District, Beijing & Guangyang District, Langfang, Hebei Province	Completed	$17,000,000,000	Completed and Opened November 2019.
Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge (HKZMB)	Pearl River Delta	Completed	$10,600,000,000	Opened in 2018.

Japan[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
Japan's Maglev High-Speed Rail (Chūō Shinkansen)	Tokyo–Nagoya–Osaka, Japan	Under Construction	$85,000,000,000	JR Central aims to begin commercial service between Tokyo and Nagoya in 2027, with the Nagoya–Osaka section to be completed by 2037.

South Korea[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
Incheon International Airport	Incheon	Completed	$5,000,000,000+	Construction of Phase 1 began in November 1992.^[67] Phase 1 of the project opened 22 March 2001, after 8 years of construction and 6 additional months of testing of the systems as well as the runways.
Incheon International Airport Phase 2	Incheon	Completed	$4,600,000,000	Construction of Phase 2 began in February 2002 and was completed 20 June 2008 prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China.^[67]
Incheon International Airport Phase 3	Incheon	Completed	$4,500,000,000	Construction of Phase 3 began in September 2013 and has been split into 2 phases itself.^[67] Phase 3 was completed in 2016 ahead of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang.
Incheon International Airport Phase 4^[68]	Incheon	Under Construction	$3,700,000,000	Construction of Phase 4 begins 2019 with the expansion of Terminal 2 and construction of an additional runway, which is expected to be completed by 2025.

South Asia[]

Bangladesh[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
Padma Bridge	Louhajong, Munshiganj, Shariatpur, Madaripur	Under Construction	$3.6 billion	The Padma Multipurpose Bridge is a multipurpose road-rail bridge across the Padma River, the main distributary of Ganges, under construction in Bangladesh with its own resources. It connects Louhajong, Munshiganj to Shariatpur and Madaripur, linking the south-west of the country, to northern and eastern regions. Padma Multipurpose Bridge is considered to be the most challenging construction project in the history of Bangladesh. The two-level steel truss bridge carries a four-lane highway on the upper level and a single-track railway on a lower level. The bridge with 150.12 m (492.5 ft) long 41 spans, 6.150 km (3.821 mi) total length and 18.18 m (59.6 ft) width, is the longest bridge in Bangladesh, the second longest in the Indo-Gangetic Plain after Bhupen Hazarika Setu in Assam and the longest over Ganges in terms of both span and the total length. The highest depth of pile of this bridge is 122 metre, which is highest among all other bridges. Padma Multipurpose Bridge, when commissioned, is expected to boost the GDP of Bangladesh by as much as 1.2 percent.
Dhaka Metro Rail	Dhaka	Under Construction	$2.8 billion	The Dhaka Metro Rail Line-6 consists of 16 elevated stations each of 180m long and 20.1 km of electricity powered light rail tracks. Construction began on 26 June 2016 and is expected to end by 2021
Karnaphuli Tunnel	Chittagong	Under Construction	$1.2 billion	First underwater tunnel in South Asian region, part of Dhaka-Chittagong-Cox's Bazaar highway network.
	Sirajganj, Jamuna River	Under Construction	$1.6 billion	A 4.8 km long railway bridge near Bangabandhu Bridge, is expected to be the largest dedicated rail bridge in the country.
	Dhaka	Under Construction	$2.5 billion	The expansion will include a passenger terminal with a floor area of roughly 226,000 m2 (2,430,000 sq ft); a 5,900 m2 (64,000 sq ft) square VVIP complex; a 41,200 m2 (443,000 sq ft) cargo building; and multi-level car park building with a tunnel. Upon completion of the third terminal, passenger handling capacity of the airport will increase to 20 million from current 8 million per annum. Cargo handling capacity will also increase to 500,000 from 200,000 tonnes annually
Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant	Ishwardi	Under Construction	$12.65 billion	It will be the country's first nuclear power plant, and the first of two units are expected to go into operation in 2023.
Central Business District		Under Development	$17 billion	It will have three super-tall skyscrapers, surrounded by thirty-eight 40+ floor skyscrapers.

India[]

Project City/Country Status Cost Notes

Hyderabad Metro Rail Hyderabad, Telangana Under Construction $2,500,000,000+ To respond to the rising public transport need and mitigate escalating vehicular traffic. Partially opened in 2017^[69] and phase 1 is operational from November 2019.^[70]^[71]

Navi Mumbai International Airport Navi Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra Under Construction $2,500,000,000+ The airport project, aimed at easing air traffic congestion at CSIA is expected to be completed by 2024.^[72]

Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project Multiple States in India Under construction $90,000,000,000+ One of the world's largest infrastructure projects with an estimated investment of US$90 billion and is planned as a high-tech industrial zone spread across six states,^[73] as well as Delhi, the national capital and itself a Union Territory.^[74] The investments will be spread across the 1,500 km long Western Dedicated Freight Corridor which will serve as the industrial corridor's transportation backbone.^[75]

Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor Multiple States in India Under construction $18,000,000,000+ High-speed rail line connecting the cities of Ahmedabad, Gujarat, and Mumbai. When completed, it will be India's first high-speed rail line.^[76]

Bharatmala Multiple States in India Under construction $11,000,000,000+ Bharatmala Pariyojana (Project) is a centrally-sponsored and funded Road and Highways project of the Government of India.^[77] The project will build highways from Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and then cover the entire string of Himalayan states – Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand – and then portions of borders of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar alongside Terai, and move to West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and right up to the Indo-Myanmar border in Manipur and Mizoram.^[77]

Char Dham Highway Uttarakhand Under construction $1,500,000,000+ Char Dham Expressway National Highway (Hindi: चार धाम महामार्ग), is an under construction two-lane (in each direction) express National Highway with a minimum width of 10 metres in the state of Uttarakhand. The proposed highway will complement the under development Char Dham Railway by connecting the four holy places in Uttarakhand states includes Badrinath, Kedarnath, Champawat, Pithoragarh, Gangotri and Yamunotri The project includes 900 km national highways will connect whole of Uttarakhand state.

Sagarmala Multiple State of India Under construction $14,000,000,000+ The Sagarmala Programme is an initiative by the government of India to enhance the performance of the country's logistics sector. The programme envisages unlocking the potential of waterways and the coastline to minimize infrastructural investments required to meet these targets.^[78]^[79]

Noida International Green Field Airport

Noida, Uttar Pradesh

$4,000,000,000+

Also known as the Jewar Airport, it is expected to decongest the load of the Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi. Moreover, with the Delhi Airport expected to reach its capacity in the next few years, this airport will serve as a second airport. The master plan is to expend the airport in a period of 30 years with three phases. After the completion of the final phase, the airport will serve 120 million passengers per year and will have a total of eight runways. It will then become Asia's and world's largest airport. O'Hare International Airport in Chicago and Jewar Airport, both will remain world's largest airports. The first phase will handle 5 million passengers per year with two runways. It is expected to completed by August/September 2024.^[80]^[81]

Hyperloop

Proposed

Proposal to establish hyperloop infrastructure for the Pune-Mumbai corridor.^[82]

In addition, the company Hyperloop Transportation Technologies is in a process to sign a Letter of Intent with the Indian Government for a proposed route between Chennai and Bengaluru. If things go as planned, the distance of 345 km could be covered in 30 minutes.^[83] HTT also signed an agreement with Andhra Pradesh government to build India's first Hyperloop project connecting Amaravathi to Vijayawada in a 6-minute ride. Also, Indore-based Dinclix GroundWorks' DGW Hyperloop advocates a Hyperloop corridor between Mumbai and Delhi, via Indore, Kota, and Jaipur.^[84]

Gujarat International Finance-Tec City (GIFT) City Gujarat Under construction India's first International Financial Services Centre (IFSC). It is expected to be fully completed by 2025.

Pakistan[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
Karachi–Lahore Motorway	Multiple Provinces of Pakistan	Completed	$6,600,000,000	The Karachi–Lahore Motorway (KLM) is a 1,694-kilometre-long (1,053 mi) six-lane, high-speed, limited-access motorway that will connect Karachi and Peshawar through Islamabad, Lahore, Multan and Sukkur. The KLM is divided into seven sections: Karachi-Hyderabad (M-9, 136 km); Hyderabad-Sukkur (M-6, 296 km); Sukkur-Multan (M-5, 387 km); Multan-Abdul Hakeem (M-4, 103 km); Abdul Hakeem-Lahore (M-3, 230 km); Lahore-Islamabad (M2, 376 km); and Islamabad-Peshawar (M1, 166 km).
Karachi Circular Railway	Karachi	Under Development	$1,600,000,000	Revival of the Karachi Circular Railway which became operational in 1969. It discontinued in 1999 as a result of mismanagement. In 2012, the governments of Pakistan and Sindh agreed to revive the railway to meet the needs of Karachi citizens. The project includes 23 stations, 3 lines and a total of over 50 kilometers of track. The government of Pakistan will have a 60% share in the project, Sindh will have a 25% share and Karachi will have a 15% share. Once completed, it will once again be Pakistan's largest local train.
Karachi Metrobus	Karachi	Under Construction	$400,000,000	A new rapid transit system in Karachi. With a planned length of about 115 kilometers, it will become the largest metro bus system in Pakistan.^{[citation needed]}
Malir Expressway	Karachi	Under Development	$400,000,000	A 40.3 km three-lane Expressway with controlled access along the Malir River in Karachi. It starts at the Qayumanbad Bridge and ends at the Karachi-Hyderabad Motorway (M-9). The project would cost around Rs40 billion. Construction is ordered to start in mid-2019.
Gwadar International Airport	Gwadar	Under Development	$400,000,000	Planned international airport in Gurandani, 26 km north-east of the existing airport in Gwadar City.^{[citation needed]}
Karachi–Peshawar Railway Line ML-1	Multiple Provinces in Pakistan	Under Development	$7,000,000,000	Karachi–Peshawar Railway Line (also referred to as Main Line 1 or ML-1) is one of four main railway lines in Pakistan, operated and maintained by Pakistan Railways. The total length of this railway line is 1,687 kilometers (1,048 mi). There are 184 railway stations from Kiamari to Peshawar Cantonment on this line. The line serves as the main passenger and freight line of the country. 75% of the country's cargo and passenger traffic uses the line. The line is currently undergoing a six-year ₨886.68 billion (US$7.4 billion) upgrade and renovation as part of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor, with average rail speeds expected to be doubled to 160 kilometers per hour upon completion.
Orange Line Metro	Lahore	Completed	$1,500,000,000	Orange Line is an automated rapid transit system in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Opened in 2020, it is Pakistan's first metro since the Karachi Metro that was started in 1969. The orange line is the first of the three proposed rail lines for the Lahore Metro. The line spans 27.1 km (16.8 mi) with 25.4 km (15.8 mi) elevated and 1.72 km (1.1 mi) underground. The line is served by 26 stations and is expected to handle 250,000 passengers daily.

Southeast Asia[]

Indonesia[]

Project	City/Region	Status	Cost	Notes
Jakarta MRT	Jakarta	Completed	$2,860,000,000	Currently consists of one line (North-South Line) and divided into two phases. Phase 1 was opened in March 2019, extensions of this line under Phase 2 shall open by 2024, and a second line (East-West) is expected by 2026.
Greater Jakarta LRT	Jakarta, West Java	Under Construction	$1,580,000,000	Phase 1, consists of Bekasi Line and part of Cibubur Line, is currently under construction and will open in 2022.^[85]
Jakarta–Bandung–Kertajati HSR	Java	Under Construction	$5,500,000,000
Trans-Sumatra Toll Road	Sumatra	Under Construction	$33,200,000,000	Some segments are already under operation.

Malaysia[]

Project	City/State	Status	Cost	Notes
Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Project	Kuala Lumpur	Under Development	RM50,000,000,000	A part of another mega project to transform Malaysia and Kuala Lumpur into one big Megapolis called as Greater Kuala Lumpur.
ECRL	Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor	Under Development	RM 44,000,000,000
KLIA 2	Selangor	Completed	RM 3,920,000,000
Penang Sentral	Penang	Completed	RM 230,000,000
West Coast Expressway	Selangor and Perak	Under Development	RM 5,044,000,000

Philippines[]

Project	City/Region/Province	Status	Cost	Notes
Bataan–Cavite Interlink Bridge	Bataan Cavite	Approved	$3,750,000,000	A 32 km (20 mi) bridge over the Manila Bay that will connect Central and Southern Luzon.^[86]
Manila Metro Rail Transit System	Metro Manila Central Luzon Calabarzon	Partially operational	$15,845,000,000	One line operational as of 2020. It is expected to have a total of eight lines with a total length of 142 km (88 mi), and to open from 2021 onward.^[87]^[88]^[89]^[90]^[91]^[92]
New Manila International Airport	Bulacan	Under construction	$14,111,000,000	Aimed to decongest and eventually replace the Ninoy Aquino International Airport. It will be operated by the San Miguel Corporation.^[93]
North–South Commuter Railway	Metro Manila Central Luzon Laguna	Under Construction	$14,950,000,000	Set to be fully operational by 2023, it will connect Clark International Airport with Metro Manila and Calabarzon.^[94]
Philippine National Railways' new intercity network	Luzon Mindanao	Approved	$5,590,000,000+	Includes the PNR South Long Haul project,^[95] the Subic–Clark Railway and the first phase of the Mindanao Railway expansion.^[96] All of these projects are standard-gauge railways.
South Luzon Expressway expansion	Metro Manila Calabarzon Bicol Region	Waiting approval	$2,278,000,000	Includes Toll Road 4 from Calamba to Lucena, Toll Road 5 from Lucena to Matnog, and the Pasig River Expressway.

Thailand[]

Project	City/Region	Status	Cost	Notes
High-speed rail in Thailand	Central, Western and Southern Thailand	Proposed	$30,000,000,000	Consists of four proposed corridors with international extensions to Laos and Malaysia.

Vietnam[]

Project	City/Region	Status	Cost	Notes
Long Thanh International Airport	Ho Chi Minh City	Under Construction	$7,800,000,000	This first phase of the project has begun construction in 2019 and is being split into 3 sub-phases. Sub-Phase 1A will see the construction of one terminal and one runway ($5.6 Billion allocated to this sub-phase) to be completed by 2023. Sub-Phase 1B will be the construction of a 2nd runway starting in 2023 and be completed in 2025. Sub-Phase 1C will be the construction of the remaining facilities and land-clearance for future phase to begin and finish in 2025.
Long Thang International Airport Phase 2	Ho Chi Minh City	In Development		This phase will begin in 2025 after Phase 1 is completed and the airport opens that same year. Phase 2 will see the construction of a 3rd runway and expansion of the 1st Terminal or construction of a 2nd Terminal to increase passenger capacity to 50 million passengers. Phase 2 is expected to be completed by 2035.
Long Thang International Airport Phase 3	Ho Chi Minh City	In Development		This phase will begin in 2035 after Phase 2 is completed and the airport opens that same year. Phase 3 will see the construction of a 4th runway with the possibility of another terminal or additional concourses to increase passenger capacity up to 100 million passengers. Phase 3 is expected to be completed sometime after 2035.

Middle East[]

Bahrain[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
Bahrain International Airport Expansion Project	Muharraq, Muharraq Island	Under Construction	$1,100,000,000
Bahrain Light Rail Network	Bahrain	Under Construction	$2,000,000,000

Iran[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
Tehran-Shomal Freeway	Iran	Under Construction	Around US$1 Billion to finish	121 km freeway connecting Tehran to Chalus^[97]

Israel[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
Tel Aviv–Jerusalem railway	Between Tel Aviv and Jerusalem	Nearing Completion	$1,900,000,000–$2,800,000,000	1. Construction on the line between Tel Aviv HaHaganah and Ben Gurion Airport (western part of Railway 27) was completed in 2004 and is currently open. 2. Construction on the line between Ben Gurion Airport and Kfar Daniel (eastern part of Railway 27) completed in 2007 with service commencing in September 2007. 3. Construction on the line between Kfar Daniel and Latrun (Section A) was completed in 2011 and is currently open. 4. Construction on the line between Latrun and Sha'ar HaGai (Section B) was completed in 2015 and is currently open. 5. Construction on the line between Sha'ar HaGai and Mevaseret Zion (Section C) was completed between 2014 & 2016 and is currently open. 6. Construction on the line between Mevaseret Zion and Jerusalem Binyanei HaUma Railway Station, Jerusalem (Section D) began either sometime in 2010. Electrification works on the existing railway between and Herzliya are expected to be finished in the fall of 2020 and would allow trains from Jerusalem to terminate in Herzliya instead of .
Tel Aviv Light Rail	Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area	Under Construction	$55,000,000,000/187.5 billion ILS	The project will consist of four new light rail lines and three new metro lines: the light rail lines will cost around a combined ILS 37.5 billion ILS & the Tel Aviv Metro is planned to cost around 45 billion ILS.

Kuwait[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Causeway Project	Kuwait Bay	Completed	$3,000,000,000	Completed in 2019, it is the launching point Madinat Al-Hareer in Subiya, Kuwait; which is north of Kuwait City across Kuwait Bay.
Kuwait International Airport Passenger Terminal 2^[98]	Kuwait City	Under Construction	$4,310,182,400	Construction began in May 2017 to expand the capacity of the airport. Expected to be Completed in 2022.

Qatar[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
Doha Metro	Doha	Under Construction	$36,000,000,000	Planned length of 300 km; set for completion in 2026.
Qatar Expressway Programme	Doha	Under Construction	US$28 billion (CAPEX)	The Expressway Programme aims to deliver more than 800 kilometres of new or upgraded roads and more than 200 interchanges in Qatar. It is part of the Qatar National Vision 2030. One of the motivating factors is the planned 2022 FIFA World Cup.^[99]

Saudi Arabia[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
King Abdulaziz Airport Expansion	Jeddah	Completed	$7,200,000,000	Completed on 1 January 2019.
Riyadh Metro	Riyadh	Under Construction	$23,500,000,000	Set to begin operation by 2021.

United Arab Emirates[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
Al Maktoum International Airport	Dubai	Under Construction	$82,000,000,000	Upon completion it will be the fourth largest airport in the world.^[100]

Central America[]

Costa Rica[]

Project	City	Status	Cost	Notes
Orotina Mega Airport
Green Costa Rican Canal
Electric Train of The Great Metropolitan Area

Panama[]

Project	City	Status	Cost
4th bridge over the Panama Canal	Panama	Under Construction	$1,400,000,000
Panama Metro line 1	Panama	Completed	$1,800,000,000
Panama metro line 2	Panama	Completed	$2,000,000,000^[101]
Panama metro line 3	Panama	In planning	$2,600,000,000^[102]

Europe[]

Serbia-North Macedonia-Greece[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
Danube–Morava–Vardar–Aegean Canal	Serbia–North Macedonia–Greece	In Planning	$17,000,000,000	The Danube-Morava-Vardar-Aegean Canal is in planning for a very long time, significant progress has been made in 2013 and 2014, with China having interests in building a canal. The project would cost around $17,000,000,000. Serbia is most interested country in building this project, which would make Great Morava and South Morava passable for boats from Thessaloniki. There would be many hydropower plants as well as 9 ports in Jagodina, Stalać, Kruševac, Kraljevo, Niš, Leskovac, Vranje, Kumanovo and Skopje. It would connect new rivers into three main rivers, and make Morava and Vardar navigable rivers, and clean them for passage of boats. The project was a major theme of the January 2020 Thessaloniki summit, when all three leaders met.^[103]

Serbia-Hungary[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
Budapest–Belgrade railway	Serbia, Hungary	Under Construction	around $5,000,000,000	The Budapest–Belgrade railway project aims to connect Budapest and Belgrade by high-speed rail. The project is the first stage of the planned Budapest–Belgrade–Skopje–Athens railway, which itself is part of China's Belt and Road Initiative and would connect the China-run Piraeus port in Greece with the "heart" of Europe.

Serbia[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
Belgrade Metro	Serbia	In Planning	around $5,000,000,000	Belgrade Metro is a project in planning for over a century, but recently, new progress has been made in planning, and construction is set to start by end of 2021. It would have 43 stations and 2 lines, and would cost around $5,000,000,000. Line 1:Route:Železnik ↔ Mirijevo,Length:21.3 km (13.2 mi),23 stations.Line 2:Route:Zemun railway station ↔ Mirijevo,Length:19.2 km (11.9 mi),20 stations. It would be built by French and many other companies.
	Serbia	Under Construction	$2,389,800,000	Belgrade-Boljare Motorway is part of Belgrade-Bar motorway motorway, and will connect Serbian Capital Belgrade and Montenegro Port city of Bar. Serbian Section is set to cost $2,389,800,000 with first and Completed Section of Belgrade-Pozega 151.63 kilometres long costing 889.8 million euros, and because of favourable terrain it will be the cheapest section of the motorway.Second Section under Construction is Pozega-Boljare Section, and it would cost at least US$1.5 billion,for approximately 110 km.Second Section is most expensive section of whole ,because of not favourable terrain with many tunnels and bridges.
Belgrade Waterfront	Serbia	Under Construction	$3,500,000,000	Belgrade Waterfront is an urban renewal development project headed by the Government of Serbia aimed at improving Belgrade's cityscape and economy by revitalizing the Sava amphitheater, a neglected stretch of land on the right bank of the Sava river, between the Belgrade Fair and Branko's bridge. It was started in 2014 with the reconstruction of the Belgrade Cooperative building, which was finished in June of the same year.

European Union (As a whole)[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
TEN-T Core Network	Europe	Under Construction	$550,000,000,000	The purpose of the project is connect nine European Corridors, east–west and north–south. The nine corridors are the Baltic-Adriatic Corridor, the North Sea-Baltic Corridor, the Mediterranean Corridor, the Orient/East-Med Corridor, the Scandinavian-Mediterranean Corridor,^[104] the , the Atlantic Corridor, the North Sea-Mediterranean Corridor, and the Rhine-Danube Corridor.^[105] The Trans-European conventional rail network is part of the EU Mega-Project to help alleviate and assist in the transport of goods throughout the 27 EU member states.

Slovenia

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
Divača–Koper Railway upgrade	Slovenia	Under Construction	$1,175,000,000	New, 27.1km long railway between Divača and Koper, better connecting inland with the seaside town and port of Koper, with a maximum speeds of 160km/h and more than 7 tunnels. Construction started in 2021.^[106]^[107]

Czech Republic[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
Blanka tunnel complex	Prague	Completed	$1,970,000,000	The longest city tunnel in Europe at 5.5 km. The three continuous tunnels improve traffic in the northern part of Prague as well as reducing the load on the main transit route through the city center.

France[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
Grand Paris Express	Paris	Under Construction	$45,000,000,000	Construction began in 2015 and is expected to be completed as well as opened in stages between 2020 & 2030.

Germany[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
Verkehrsprojekt Deutsche Einheit Nr. 8	Between Berlin Main Station and Nuremberg Main Station	Mostly Completed	$10,000,000,000	Including the Erfurt–Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway, the Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway, upgrades to the existing Berlin–Halle railway and linking onward to the Nuremberg–Munich high-speed railway

Greece[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
Athens Metro	Athens	Under Construction	$6,480,000,000	Line 2 and Line 3 of Athens Metro were constructed between 1992 and 2000 (Line 1 began operation in 1869).^[108] The construction of lines 2 and 3 (including their ongoing extensions) cost €4.30 billion.^[109] Line 4 is set to begin construction in 2019 with a budget of €1.45 billion.^[110]
Egnatia Odos	Greece	Completed	$6,690,000,000	Construction began in 1995, and a total of 670 kilometres (420 mi) of motorways running along the general route of the ancient Roman Via Egnatia.^[111] It runs from Igoumenitsa, in Epirus, crosses Western Macedonia, Central Macedonia, and ends on Greece's border with Turkey in Eastern Macedonia and Thrace. The project cost €5.93 billion.^[111]
Egnatia Railway	Greece	In planning	$11,270,000,000	Proposed in 2017 at a cost of €10 billion,^[112] the Egnatia Railway will be Europe's largest railway megaproject.^[113] The original stated start date was March 2019.^[112]
Ionia Odos	Greece	Completed	$1,240,000,000	Construction began in 2006, and a total of 196 kilometres (122 mi) of motorways running north–south through Western Greece, from Ioannina to the Rio-Antirio Bridge, were built.^[114] The project had a budget of over €1.1 billion.^[114]
Thessaloniki Metro	Thessaloniki	Under Construction	$2,550,000,000	The purpose of the project is to create a 35-station underground rapid transit system in Greece's second-largest city. Currently phases 1 and 2 (18 stations) are under construction and will be operational by late 2020 at a price tag of €2.26 billion.^[115]
Thessaloniki–Kavala–Xanthi railway	Greece	In planning	$1,475,000,000	A new electrified railway line connecting the northern Greek cities of Thessaloniki, Kavala, and Xanthi, at a cost of €1.25 billion.^[116] It will run in parallel with the Egnatia Odos highway, cutting travel times and will replace the existing Thessaloniki–Alexandroupoli railway which was built during Ottoman times.^[116]
Tithorea-Domokos bypass	Greece	Completed	$2,030,000,000	Construction began in 1997, and a total of 106 kilometres (66 mi) of high-speed railways running between the towns of Tithorea and Domokos were built as a bypass to the existing conventional mountainous railway line linking Thessaloniki in the north with Athens in the south, including 35.5 kilometres (22.1 mi) of tunnels and 6.8 kilometres (4.2 mi) of bridges.^[117] The project had a budget of over €1.8 billion.^[114] The bypass was opened in January 2019.^[118]

Montenegro[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
Bar-Boljare motorway	Montenegro	Under Construction	$3,000,000,000	Construction began on 11 May 2015; The length of the route of the highway is 40.871 km, and national road standards of Montenegro are adopted, with reference to the European specifications as well. These construction standards will be applied for the two-way four-lane highway, with the speed of 100 km/h according to the design, and the construction period of 4 years. The highway stretches from south to the north across the mountains. In technical terms it is very demanding, and the construction is very challenging. Bridges and tunnels make up to about 60% of the entire route. In recent years, it is the largest infrastructure project in Montenegro, and the implementation of the project is very challenging.

Norway[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
Coastal Highway E39	Trondheim to Kristiansand	In Planning	$42,400,000,000	The purpose of the project is to replace all the ferry links along the route with fixed connections in order to reduce travel time from 21 hours to 11 hours. The first part, Rogfast is since 2018 under construction at a cost of $1.9 bn, but the rest is controversial and not decided. Some of the fjords are too deep for pillars or undersea tunnels and too wide for suspension bridges, so floating bridges in untested sizes are suggested. Initial cost estimates placed the project around 150 bn kroner, but an August 2020 updated estimate moved the cost to 382 bn. A study is underway with the goal of cutting costs, and it is possible the project may be scaled back.
InterCity	Østlandet	Under Construction	$36,300,000,000	Project to connect all major towns in the vicinity of Oslo by a double rail line. 270 km of new line will be added and existing infrastructure will be upgraded, improving passenger flow and experience, as well as allowing train speeds up to 250 km/h throughout the region. Expected to be completed by 2034.

Poland[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
Central Transport Hub	Gmina Baranów	In planning	$8,000,000,000+^[119]	The project involves the construction of the largest airport in Poland and one of the largest in Europe, Solidarity Airport (initially able to handle 45 million passengers a year, with the possibility of extension up to 100 millions), along with highway and high-speed rail infrastructure connecting major Polish citities and the airport. Phase 1 scheduled to open in 2027.^[119]

Portugal[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
Vasco da Gama Bridge	Lisbon	Completed	$1,100,000,000	Construction began in February 1995; the bridge was opened to traffic on 29 March 1998, just in time for Expo 98, the World's Fair that celebrated the 500th anniversary of the discovery by Vasco da Gama of the sea route from Europe to India. It is the longest bridge in Europe (including viaducts), with a total length of 12.3 kilometres (7.6 mi), including 0.8 kilometres (0.50 mi) for the main bridge and 11.5 kilometres (7.1 mi) in viaducts. The Bridge is served by 4.8 kilometres (3.0 mi) of dedicated access roads. It was built to alleviate the congestion on Lisbon's 25 de Abril Bridge, and eliminate the need for traffic between the country's northern and southern regions to pass through the capital city.

Serbia-North Macedonia-Greece[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
Danube–Morava–Vardar–Aegean Canal	Serbia–North Macedonia–Greece	In Planning	$17,000,000,000	The Danube-Morava-Vardar-Aegean Canal is in planning for a very long time, significant progress has been made in 2013 and 2014, with China having interests in building a canal. The project would cost around $17,000,000,000. Serbia is most interested country in building this project, which would make Great Morava and South Morava passable for boats from Thessaloniki. There would be many hydropower plants as well as 9 ports in Jagodina, Stalać, Kruševac, Kraljevo, Niš, Leskovac, Vranje, Kumanovo and Skopje. It would connect new rivers into three main rivers, and make Morava and Vardar navigable rivers, and clean them for passage of boats. The project was a major theme of the January 2020 Thessaloniki summit, when all three leaders met.^[103]

Switzerland[]

Project	City/Canton	Status	Cost	Notes
Gotthard Base Tunnel	Bodio, Canton of Ticino (End) & Erstfeld, Canton of Uri (Start)	Completed	CHF 9.560 billion ≈ $10,300,000,000	At 57 km, the world's longest and deepest rail tunnel upon its completion in 2015.^{[citation needed]}

United Kingdom[]

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Notes
Expansion of Heathrow Airport	England	Approved	$25,234,620,000	Building a 3rd Runway and an additional Terminal.
Irish Sea Bridge	Scotland/Northern Ireland	Proposed	$20,000,000,000	Completion proposed for 2030s^[120]
High Speed 2	England	Under Construction	$96,000,000,000	Completion planned for 2026 (phase 1), 2033 (phase 2)
High Speed 3	England	Planned	$19,000,000,000	Completion planned for 2033
London Crossrail Project	London, England	Under Construction	$26,000,000,000	Entire project to be completed by 2021.
M8 motorway (Scotland)	Glasgow, Scotland	Completed	£30,000,000	Most completed by 1980.

North America[]

The new Port Mann Bridge with the old bridge fully demolished.

Canada[]

Project	City/Province	Status	Cost	Notes
Southwest Calgary Ring Road	Calgary, Alberta	Under Construction	$5,000,000,000+	"...extend from Lott Creek Boulevard on Glenmore Trail/Highway 8 south to Macleod Trail (Highway 2A) and is approximately 21 kilometres long."^[121] Set for Completion in Fall 2022.
West Calgary Ring Road	Calgary, Alberta	Under Construction	$1,000,000,000+	Set for Completion in 2021.
Calgary LRT Expansion	Calgary, Alberta	Under Construction	$4,500,000,000+	Set for Completion in 2026.
Crowchild Trail Upgrades	Calgary, Alberta	Under Construction	$3,000,000,000+	Set for Completion in 2030
New Champlain Bridge Corridor Project	Montréal to Brossard, Québec	Completed	$4,239,000,000	Construction completed 2019 with the full opening of the Samuel-de-Champlain Bridge by July 2019. Shortly after the opening, the old Champlain Bridge will start to be demolished at a cost of about $400,000,000 and take 4 years to complete.
Réseau express métropolitain	Montréal, Québec	Under Construction	$6,300,000,000	Set for Completion in 2023.^[121]
Gordie Howe International Bridge	Windsor, Ontario	Under Construction	$5,700,000,000	International cable stayed bridge over Detroit river between Canada and United States. Set for completion in 2024.
Confederation Bridge	The Maritimes, Prince Edward Island	Completed	$1,300,000,000	The 12.9 km bridge is the longest bridge in the world crossing ice-covered water.
Line 5 Eglinton	Toronto, Ontario	Under Construction	$9,100,000,000	Set for Completion in 2023.^[121]
Port Mann Bridge	Vancouver, British Columbia	Completed	$1,930,000,000	The widest bridge in the world (until the Bay Bridge's east span recently opened), the bridge east of Vancouver, B.C., which opened in 2012, remains the second-longest bridge in North America. The cable-stay bridge uses an impressive 288 cables to reach a total bridge length of 6,866 feet.
Confederation Line	Ottawa, Ontario	Completed	$2,100,000,000	The largest project in Ottawa since the Rideau Canal. Opened in September 2019^[122] (Phase 1).

Baluarte Bridge under construction, 10 March 2012

Mexico[]

Project	City/State	Status	Cost	Notes
Durango-Mazatlán Highway	Durango-Sinaloa	Completed	$1,400,000,000	Construction in 2008 and was completed in 2012. Upon this projects completion, President Felipe Calderón received a Guinness record certifying that the Baluarte Bicentennial Bridge is the highest suspension bridge in western Mexico.
New International Airport for Mexico City	Mexico City	Cancelled	$13,300,000,000	After taking office, President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, cancelled this mega-project at Texcoco in favor of a "metropolitan airport system", which keeps the Benito Juárez International Airport (with 2 Runways) from being decommissioned and adds the now under construction Felipe Ángeles Airport (with 3 Runways) as well as Toluca International Airport (with 2 Runways).
Felipe Ángeles Airport	Mexico City	Under Construction	$7,100,000,000	Being built at the Santa Lucía Air Force Base north of Mexico City and named after Mexican General Felipe Ángeles Ramírez

Boston's highway system before and after the Central Artery/Tunnel Project

The completed replacement and the old eastern span of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge (2013)

The Evergreen Point Floating Bridge viewed from the east end in Medina shortly after opening in April 2016

United States[]

Project	City/State	Status	Cost	Notes
Project Connect	Austin, Texas	Under Construction	$7,100,000,000	Project Connect is a public transit expansion in Austin, adding the Blue and Orange light rail lines, the Green commuter rail line, and the Gold bus rapid transit line along with other network improvements.^[123] The project started construction in 2021 and is expected to be complete by 2034.^[124]
Big Dig	Boston, Massachusetts	Completed	$14,600,000,000	Estimated to cost $24.3 billion after interest.
C.R.E.A.T.E.	Chicago, Illinois	Under Construction	$4,600,000,000	C.R.E.A.T.E. is a railway improvement project in Chicago.^[125] Completion of the entire project is expected to occur sometime in 2025.
O'Hare Modernization	Chicago, Illinois	Under Construction	$8,800,000,000	Construction began in 2001 with an initial cost of $6.6 billion, however, over the last few years, additions to the Modernization Plan brought on by the Chicago City Council's approval on new leases to American and United has increased to the cost by $2.2 billion, which will include a new terminal where Terminal 2 now, sits as well as two more remote concourses. The completion of the O'Hare Modernization is expected to occur sometime in 2026.
Gordie Howe International Bridge	Detroit, Michigan-Windsor, Ontario, Canada	Under Construction	$5,700,000,000	The project was first proposed in 2004. Construction started in 2018 and is expected to be completed in 2024. The Windsor-Detroit crossing is the busiest crossing between the US and Canada and is currently handled by the Ambassador Bridge, the Windsor-Detroit Tunnel and the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel. The Gordie Howe Bridge will add needed capacity to these crossings.
Crescent Corridor Expansion	Eastern Coast States-East South Central States-Gulf Coast States	Under Construction	$2,500,000,000	The freight rail company Norfolk Southern will utilize special intermodal trains on its freight rail network running from New York to Louisiana. This project covers 4023 km (2,500 miles) and thirteen states, and is expected to be fully developed by 2020."^[126]
California High-Speed Rail	Los Angeles-San Francisco, California	Under Construction	$70,000,000,000	A 1300 km (808 miles) high-speed rail system is expected to be Completed in phases up to 2030. Currently some of the funding is being held up in Congress by lack of agreement between Democrats and Republicans.
Los Angeles International Airport	Los Angeles, California	Under Construction	$14,000,000,000
Ohio River Bridges Project	Louisville, Kentucky	Completed	$2,300,000,000^[127]	A Louisville metropolitan area transportation project involving the reconstruction of the Kennedy Interchange (locally known as "Spaghetti Junction"), the completion of two new Ohio River bridges and the reconstruction of ramps on Interstate 65 between Muhammad Ali Boulevard and downtown. The final project omitted some features of the original plan.
Second Avenue Subway Project	Manhattan, New York City, New York	Under Construction	$17,000,000,000	The proposed full line would be 13.7 km (8.5 miles) long with 16 stations and a projected ridership of 560,000 people. Phase 1 of the project, which runs from 96th Street to 57th Street and 7th Avenue, opened 1 January 2017. Other phases of the project are either under development or are under construction.
East Side Access (ESA)	Manhattan & Queens, New York City, New York	Under Construction	$11,100,000,000+	ESA is a public works and an MTA network expansion project intended to increase direct services into Grand Central Terminal by providing Long Island Rail Road commuters – via the Main Line and Port Washington Branch tracks traveling westbound from Queens and Long Island – regular access to the major depot; and saving them up to forty (40) minutes per day and reducing congestion in Midtown Manhattan’s dense business district’s streets and subways. Additionally, the project is intended to create capacity and provide regular access for Metro-North Railroad’s New Haven Line and Hudson Line into Penn Station via Amtrak’s underused Hell Gate Bridge (Hell Gate Line) and Empire Connection (West Side Line), respectively, per the Penn Station Access project.
Newark Airport Terminal One	Newark, New Jersey	Under Construction	$2,300,000,000	A redevelopment plan to build a new Terminal A to replace the existing, which opened in 1973. The new terminal will be called Terminal One. It will include a new parking garage, 33 gates, and a walkway to connect the Airtrain station, parking garage, and terminal. It is expected to be completed by 2022.
LaGuardia Airport Project	Queens, New York City, New York	Under Construction	$8,000,000,000	A complete retrofit of the entire airport slated to be completed by 2022.
JFK Airport Redevelopment	Queens, New York City, New York	Under Construction	$17,000,000,000	Plan to rebuild passenger facilities and approaches to JFK Airport. Two new international terminals would be added. The redevelopment construction of JFK Airport began on 7 January 2020. Also, "on February 11, 2020, Cuomo and the Port Authority, along with Delta Air Lines, announced a $3.8 billion plan to add sixteen domestic gates to the 'A' side of Terminal 4," bring the total cost to almost $17 billion.
San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge Eastern Span	San Francisco-Oakland, California	Completed	$6,400,000,000	The Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge began in 2002 and was Completed in 2013. Currently the Old East Span is being deconstructed and removed for recycling while the foundations are being demolished with explosives or converted for other uses.
San Francisco International Airport Redevelopment	San Francisco, California	Under Construction	$2,400,000,000	The airport began a multiphase renovation project in June 2016, which will see Terminal 1 be transformed into a world-class, environment-friendly passenger facility when Completed in 2024.
Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel	Seattle, Washington	Completed	$3,100,000,000	South-End Viaduct replacement started in 2008 and was completed in 2014. The SR 99 Tunnel started work in 2011, and is set for completion in 2021. Mitigation Projects started work in 2008, and are set for completion in 2019. Other miscellaneous projects started in 2007 and are set for completion in 2023.
	Washington	Under Construction	$1,960,000,000	This project has been in planning phases since 1990, and includes the completion of SR 167 between Puyallup and Tacoma, as well as completion of SR 509 from I-5 to Burien.
Evergreen Point Floating Bridge (2016)	Seattle, Washington	Completed	$4,560,000,000	This 2,350 m (7,710 ft) long floating bridge is the longest of its type in the world. The new SR 520 bridge replaced the previous record-holder, the original Evergreen Point Floating Bridge across Lake Washington, connecting Seattle to points east. The new structure, rising 6.1 m (20 ft) above the water, opened to traffic in spring 2016.
Sound Transit 3	Seattle, Washington	Under Construction	$50,000,000,000	This project is to expand the current Light Rail and Bus system currently in use in Seattle, which is to be completed in stages from 2020 until 2041.
Silver Line (Washington Metro)	Washington, D.C.	Under Construction	$6,800,000,000	Phase 1 on the project was planned to link the Capital to Dulles International Airport and to four edge cities: Tysons, Reston, Herndon, and Ashburn. This phase completed and was opened to the general public on 26 July 2014. Phase 2 is set to help with urban development of Tysons and reduce overall reliance on highway traffic in the business district, Virginia's largest and 12th-largest in the country. This project is set to be completed by 2020.
Interstate Highway System	Nationwide	Completed	$500,000,000	Began in 1956, and was completed 62 years later

Oceania[]

Australia[]

Project	City/Province	Status	Cost	Notes
Cross River Rail	Brisbane, Queensland	Under Construction	$5,400,000,000	To be completed in 2024. The crossing will be a tunnel under the river, and the first rail-only Brisbane River crossing since the completion of the Merivale Bridge in 1978.^[128]
	Canberra, ACT	Under Development	$2,000,000,000	To be completed in 2024. National Air Traffic Control System Australia.^[129]
Metro Tunnel	Melbourne, Victoria	Under Construction	$11,000,000,000	To be completed late 2025. The railway line will run from South Kensington, underground via North Melbourne, Parkville, CBD, Domain and South Yarra. It will include a tunnel under the Yarra River.
North East Link	Melbourne, Victoria	Under Development	$15,800,000,000	To be completed late 2027. This road project will connect the M80 Ring Road to the Eastern Freeway.
Suburban Rail Loop	Melbourne, Victoria	Proposed	$50,000,000,000	To be completed in 2050. The railway line will run from Cheltenham to Werribee in an orbital loop circling the suburbs of Melbourne. Proposed to be completed in 4 stages^[130]
Central Station to Eveleigh Redevelopment	Sydney, New South Wales	Proposed	$10,000,000,000	Extension of Sydney's CBD. The renewal corridor approximately 3 km in length.^[131]
Sydney Metro City & Southwest	Sydney, New South Wales	Under Construction	$12,000,000,000	30 km (19 mi) rapid transit railway line. Planned to open by 2024.^[132]