1709

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Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
  • 17th century
  • 18th century
  • 19th century
Decades:
  • 1680s
  • 1690s
  • 1700s
  • 1710s
  • 1720s
Years:
  • 1706
  • 1707
  • 1708
  • 1709
  • 1710
  • 1711
  • 1712
1709 by topic
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1709 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1709
MDCCIX
Ab urbe condita2462
Armenian calendar1158
ԹՎ ՌՃԾԸ
Assyrian calendar6459
Balinese saka calendar1630–1631
Bengali calendar1116
Berber calendar2659
British Regnal year7 Ann. 1 – 8 Ann. 1
Buddhist calendar2253
Burmese calendar1071
Byzantine calendar7217–7218
Chinese calendar戊子年 (Earth Rat)
4405 or 4345
    — to —
己丑年 (Earth Ox)
4406 or 4346
Coptic calendar1425–1426
Discordian calendar2875
Ethiopian calendar1701–1702
Hebrew calendar5469–5470
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1765–1766
 - Shaka Samvat1630–1631
 - Kali Yuga4809–4810
Holocene calendar11709
Igbo calendar709–710
Iranian calendar1087–1088
Islamic calendar1120–1121
Japanese calendarHōei 6
(宝永６年)
Javanese calendar1632–1633
Julian calendarGregorian minus 11 days
Korean calendar4042
Minguo calendar203 before ROC
民前203年
Nanakshahi calendar241
Thai solar calendar2251–2252
Tibetan calendar阳土鼠年
(male Earth-Rat)
1835 or 1454 or 682
    — to —
阴土牛年
(female Earth-Ox)
1836 or 1455 or 683
July 8: Battle of Poltava.

1709 (MDCCIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1709th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 709th year of the 2nd millennium, the 9th year of the 18th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1700s decade. As of the start of 1709, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

In the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Friday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.

Events[]

January–March[]

  • January 1 – Battle of St. John's: The French capture St. John's, the capital of the British colony of Newfoundland.
  • January 6 – Western Europe's Great Frost of 1709, the coldest period in 500 years, begins during the night, lasting three months, with its effects felt for the entire year.[1] In France, the Atlantic coast and Seine River freeze, crops fail, and 24,000 Parisians die. Floating ice enters the North Sea.
  • January 10 – Abraham Darby I successfully produces cast iron using coke fuel at his Coalbrookdale blast furnace in Shropshire, England.[2][3][4]
  • February 1 or 2 – During his first voyage, Captain Woodes Rogers encounters marooned privateer Alexander Selkirk, and rescues him after four years living on one of the Juan Fernández Islands, inspiring Daniel Defoe's novel Robinson Crusoe.[5][6] After sacking Guayaquil, he and Selkirk will visit the Galápagos Islands.[7]
  • February 19 – Tokugawa Ienobu becomes the sixth shōgun of the Tokugawa dynasty of Japan, after the death of the shōgun Tsunayoshi, who had been head of government since 1680.
  • February – In America, Mardi Gras is celebrated one more time with Masque de la Mobile in the capital of French Louisiana, Mobile, Alabama, before Mobile is moved 27 miles (43 km) down the Mobile River to Mobile Bay in 1711.
  • March 28 – Johann Friedrich Böttger reports the first production of hard-paste porcelain in Europe, at Dresden.

April–June[]

  • April 13 – The Raudot Ordinance of 1709 becomes law in the French colony of New France, legalizing slavery.
  • April 21 – Mirwais Hotak takes control of Kandahar (in Afghanistan) by murdering the Persian governor, Gurgin Khan, known also as George XI.
  • May 6 – The first influx into Britain of poor refugee families of German Palatines from the Rhenish Palatinate arrives in England.[8] Most of them are Protestants en route to the New World colonies.[9]
  • June 17 – Trịnh Cương becomes the new king of northern Vietnam (Đàng Ngoài) upon the death of his grandfather, Trịnh Căn, and begins a 20-year reign until his death on December 20, 1729
  • June 26 – The Battle of Fort Albany, an attack by 100 French colonial volunteers and Cree natives on the British Hudson's Bay Company outpost at Fort Albany on Hudson Bay. John Fullartine, commander of the post, leads a successful defense of the fort and 18 of the attackers are killed and then retreat. The site is now part of a Cree First Nation reserve in the Canadian province of Ontario.
  • June 28 – A treaty is signed in Dresden to re-establish an alliance between the Kingdom of Denmark (including what is now Norway) and the Swedish Empire, on behalf of Denmark's King Frederik IV and Sweden's Emperor Augustus II.

July–December[]

  • July 8 (June 27 Old Style; June 28 in the Swedish calendar) – Great Northern War: Battle of Poltava in the Cossack Hetmanate (Ukraine) – Peter the Great leads forces of the Tsardom of Russia to a decisive victory over Swedish forces under Charles XII, ending the Swedish invasion of Russia and effectively ending Sweden's role as a major power in Europe.
  • July 9 – Christopher Slaughterford of London is executed in Guildford for the murder of Jane Young, his fiancée. He is the first person in modern England executed for murder based exclusively on circumstantial evidence, and he maintains his innocence to the last.
  • July 13 – Production of Eau de Cologne is begun by perfumier Johann Maria Farina in Germany, founding Johann Maria Farina gegenüber dem Jülichs-Platz.
  • July 26 – Reinhard Keiser's opera Desiderius, König der Langobarden is premiered in Hamburg.[10]
  • July 27 – Japan's Emperor Higashiyama abdicates after a reign of 23 years that began in 1687, and is succeeded by his son Yoshihito, who is enthroned as the Emperor Nakamikado.
  • July 30 – War of the Spanish Succession: Tournai is captured by John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy.[4]
  • August 8 – The hot air balloon of Bartolomeu de Gusmão flies in Portugal.
  • August 28 – Pamheiba is crowned King of Manipur.
  • September 11 (August 31 Old Style) – War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Malplaquet – Troops of the Dutch Republic, Habsburg Monarchy, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Prussia, led by the Duke of Marlborough, drive the French from the field, but suffer twice as many casualties.[4]
  • October 9 – War of the Spanish Succession: The British army captures Mons.[11]
  • October 12 – Chihuahua City in Mexico is founded.
  • December 25 – From London, ten ships leave for the New York Colony carrying over 4,000 people.
  • December 26 – The first performance of the opera Agrippina by George Frideric Handel takes place at the Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo in Venice.

Date unknown[]

  • Herculaneum, an ancient town in Ercolano, Campania, Italy and buried under volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, is discovered by accident when attempts to drill a well for a monastery encountered marble and other materials.
  • The first modern edition of William Shakespeare's plays is published in London, edited by Nicholas Rowe.
  • The first piano is exhibited in Florence by its inventor Bartolomeo di Francesco Cristofori (1655-1731), who named it "gravicembalo col piano e forte", a name which was subsequently shortened to "pianoforte" and then "piano".
  • A collapsible umbrella is introduced in Paris.[12]
  • Trinity School is founded as the charity school of Trinity Church, in New York City.
  • The second Eddystone Lighthouse, erected off the south west coast of England by John Rudyerd, is completed.[13]
  • De Nostri Temporis Studiorum Ratione (On the Study Methods of Our Times) is published by Neapolitan philosopher Giambattista Vico.
  • Priceless medieval altarpieces, created by Tyrolese sculptor Michael Pacher, are destroyed.
  • Basil Lazarus III becomes Syriac Orthodox Maphrian of the East.[14]

Births[]

Teresia Constantia Phillips born 2 January
Christian Gottlieb Ludwig born 30 April
Théodore Tronchin born 24 May
Johann Georg Gmelin born 8 August
Ludvig Harboe born 16 August
John Eardley Wilmot born 16 August
Jagat Singh II born 17 September
Samuel Johnson born 18 September

January–March[]

  • January 2 – Teresia Constantia Phillips, British autobiographer (d. 1765)
  • January 13 – Mollie Sneden, operator of a ferry service at Palisades, New York in the United States (d. 1810)
  • January 17
  • January 24 – Dom Bédos de Celles, Benedictine monk and master pipe organ builder (d. 1779)
  • February 7 – Charles de Brosses French writer (d. 1777)
  • February 9 – George Venables-Vernon, 1st Baron Vernon, British politician (d. 1780)
  • February 11 – William Courtenay, 1st Viscount Courtenay (d. 1762)
  • February 12 – Jacques Barbeu-Dubourg, French physician (d. 1799)
  • February 16 – Henrika Juliana von Liewen, Swedish political salonnière (d. 1779)
  • February 24 – Jacques de Vaucanson, French inventor of mechanical automata (d. 1782)
  • February 27 – Timothy Woodbridge American missionary, deacon, schoolteacher, judge, Superintendent of Indian Affairs (d. 1774)
  • March 1 – William Bentinck, 2nd Duke of Portland (d. 1762)
  • March 10
    • James Bentham, English clergyman (d. 1794)
    • Georg Steller, German naturalist (d. 1746)
    • Georg Wilhelm Steller, German botanist (d. 1746)
  • March 14 – Sten Carl Bielke, scientist and member of the Swedish parliament (d. 1753)
  • March 17 – Nicolò Arrighetti, Italian professor of natural philosophy (d. 1767)
  • March 18 – Johannes Gessner, Swiss mathematician (d. 1790)
  • March 31 – Louis-Charles Le Vassor de La Touche, French naval general, governor of Martinique, governor general of the Windward Islands (d. 1781)

April–June[]

July–September[]

October–December[]

  • October 5
    • Peter Applebye, British-Danish industrialist (d. 1774)
    • Ludovico Stern, Italian painter of the Rococo or late-Baroque period (d. 1777)
  • October 6 – Edward Kynaston, British landowner and Tory MP (d. 1772)
  • October 9
    • Jean-Baptiste de Belloy, Archbishop of Paris and cardinal of the Catholic Church (d. 1808)
    • John Clayton, English clergyman (d. 1773)
  • October 12 – Lord Anne Hamilton, Scottish nobleman (d. 1748)
  • October 13 – John Cole, 1st Baron Mountflorence, Irish peer and politician (d. 1767)
  • October 16 – Johann Daniel Ritter, German historian (d. 1775)
  • October 17 – Jean-Gabriel Berbudeau, French-born surgeon who spent time practicing medicine in eastern Canada (d. 1792)
  • October 19 – Sewallis Shirley, British Member of Parliament in the reign of George II (d. 1765)
  • October 25
    • Georg Gebel, German musician and composer (d. 1753)
    • Jan Wagenaar, Dutch historian (d. 1773)
  • November 1 – Ignatius von Weitenauer, German Jesuit writer (d. 1783)
  • November 2 – Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, Hanoverian-born regent of Friesland (d. 1759)
  • November 6 – Christopher Marshall, leader in the American Revolution (d. 1797)
  • November 15 – Dirk Klinkenberg, mathematician, amateur astronomer, secretary of the Dutch government for 40 years (d. 1799)
  • November 18 – Henry Loftus, 1st Earl of Ely (d. 1783)
  • November 22 – Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Jerusalem, German Lutheran theologian during the Age of Enlightenment (d. 1789)
  • December 1 – Franz Xaver Richter, Austro-Moravian singer, violinist, composer, conductor and music theoretician (d. 1789)
  • December 9 – Pierre II Surette, art of the Acadian and Wabanaki Confederacy resistance against the British Empire in Acadia (d. 1789)
  • December 14
    • Caspar Friedrich Hachenberg, rector of the Latin school of Wageningen, The Netherlands, and writer of Greek and Latin grammars (d. 1793)
    • Charles Lawrence, British military officer who (d. 1760)
  • December 18 – Elizabeth of Russia, empress regnant of Russia (d. 1762)
  • December 21
  • December 24 – Johann Evangelist Holzer, Austrian-German painter (d. 1740)

Deaths[]

References[]

  1. ^ Pain, Stephanie. "1709: The year that Europe froze." New Scientist, 7 February 2009.
  2. ^ Mott, R. A. (January 5, 1957). "The earliest use of coke for ironmaking". The Gas World, Coking Section Supplement. 145: 7–18.
  3. ^ Raistrick, Arthur (1953). Dynasty of Ironfounders: the Darbys and Coalbrookdale. London: Longmans, Green. p. 34.
  4. ^ a b c Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 292. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  5. ^ Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
  6. ^ Ober, Frederick A. (1912). Our West Indian Neighbors: the Islands of the Caribbean Sea. New York: James Pott & Company. p. 11.
  7. ^ Jackson, Michael H. (1993). Galapagos: a Natural History. University of Calgary Press. ISBN 1-895176-07-7.
  8. ^ John Tribbeko and George Ruperti, Lists of Germans from the Palatinate Who Came to England in 1709 (Clearfield, 1965) p.5
  9. ^ Gardiner, Juliet (1995). Wenborn, Neil (ed.). The History Today Companion to British History. London: Collins & Brown. p. 577. ISBN 1-85585-178-4.
  10. ^ Griffel, Margaret Ross (2018). Operas in German: A Dictionary. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-4422-4797-0.
  11. ^ Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 207–208. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  12. ^ "The History of Umbrellas". Oakthrift Corporation. Archived from the original on September 2, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
  13. ^ Majdalany, Fred (1959). The Red Rocks of Eddystone. London: Longmans. p. 86.
  14. ^ Wilmshurst, David (2019). "West Syrian patriarchs and maphrians". In Daniel King (ed.). The Syriac World. Routledge. p. 812.
  15. ^ "Thomas Corneille | French dramatist | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved March 10, 2022.
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