Fairfield County, South Carolina

Fairfield County
U.S. county
Fairfield County Courthouse
Location within the U.S. state of South Carolina
South Carolina's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 34°24′N 81°08′W / 34.4°N 81.13°W / 34.4; -81.13
Country	United States
State	South Carolina
Founded	1785
Seat	Winnsboro
Largest town	Winnsboro
Area
• Total	710 sq mi (1,800 km2)
• Land	686 sq mi (1,780 km2)
• Water	24 sq mi (60 km2)  3.3%%
Population  (2020)
• Total	22,318
• Density	31/sq mi (12/km2)
Time zone	UTC−5 (Eastern)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−4 (EDT)
Congressional district	5th
Website	www.fairfieldsc.com

Fairfield County is a county located in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 census, its population was 23,956.^[1] Its county seat is Winnsboro.^[2]

Fairfield County is part of the Columbia, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History[]

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18th century[]

It is alleged that the county name originated from a statement made by General Cornwallis when he declared "How Fair These Fields" during the British occupation of the area in 1780–81. The house Cornwallis^[3] stayed in during the occupation is still standing.

Several years before the Revolution, Richard Winn from Virginia moved to what is now called Fairfield County. His lands covered the present site of Winnsboro, and as early as 1777 the settlement was known as "Winnsborough".^{[citation needed]}

The village was laid out and chartered in 1785 upon petition of Richard Winn, John Winn and John Vanderhorst. John, Richard, and Minor Winn all served in the Revolutionary War. Richard was a General and he is said to have fought in more battles than any Whig in South Carolina.^{[citation needed]}

Fairfield County has numerous churches, some of which have existed for over 200 years. Perhaps the most famous church, built in 1788, is the Old Brick Church,^[4] where the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Synod of the Carolinas was organized in 1803. A note penciled on the wall of the Old Brick Church is testimony to a Union soldier's regret at the church's floor boards being taken up to build a crossing over the nearby river for General Sherman's troops during the American Civil War.

The early settlers in the mid-18th century brought cotton to the county. It was soon supported as a commodity crop by the labor of enslaved African Americans.

19th century[]

Invention of the cotton gin enabled the cultivation of short-staple cotton through the upcountry regions of the South. It was the chief commodity crop for this county from the early 19th century through the 1920s. In the antebellum era, most of the intensive labor was accomplished by African-American slaves, many of whose descendants still live in this rural area. After the Civil War, many African Americans initially worked as sharecroppers and tenant farmers. Over time the soil became depleted, but more damaging was infestation in the 20th century by the boll weevil. Together with mechanization of agriculture, the need for labor was reduced. In the first half of the 20th century through the 1940s, millions of African Americans left the rural South in the Great Migration to northern and midwestern cities for other job opportunities and the chance to escape Jim Crow restrictions.

In December 1832 Winnsboro was incorporated as a town to be governed by an intendant and wardens. The most prominent architectural feature of Fairfield County is the Town Clock^[5] in Winnsboro. South Carolina's General Assembly authorized Winnsboro's town fathers to build a market house that "shall not be of greater width than 30 feet (9.1 m)" to allow 30 feet (9.1 m) of wagon travel on either side. The narrow building was modeled after Independence Hall in Philadelphia and built on the site of a duck pond. A clock was added in 1837, and the building has since been known as the Town Clock.

The County Courthouse,^[6] across from the Town Clock, dates back to 1823. Designed by South Carolina architect Robert Mills, the courthouse houses records dating to the mid-18th century.^{[citation needed]}

Reconstruction[]

During Reconstruction the Fairfield District was changed into Fairfield County and was occupied Union troops. The South Carolina state constitution of 1868 was such that those who fought for the confederacy were barred from voting in the 1868 elections. As a result most eligible voters in Fairfield County were African-American. In 1868 there were 942 whites in the county were eligible to vote and 2,434 African-Americans who were eligible to vote.^[7] In the election held under these circumstances an African-American man, George Barber, was elected to represent Fairfield County in the South Carolina State Senate.^[8][9] In the same election the county elected three people to the South Carolina state house of representatives. Henry Jacob and Henry Johnson, who were African-Americans and L.W. Duvall who was white.^[10] This was considered revolutionary at the time and those who had previously been slave owners were extremely angry.^[11] Due to how much social spending the Reconstruction government engaged in, by the end of 1870 Fairfield County was one of only two counties in the state that was not in debt.^[12] During the Presidential election of 1872, there were three companies of U.S. troops stationed in Fairfield County to prevent the Ku Klux Klan from disrupting voting.^[13]

Granite deposits in the County led to the early development of quarrying. Winnsboro blue granite, "The Silk of the Trade," is used worldwide in buildings and monuments.^{[citation needed]}

20th century[]

The county was home to the Carolinas–Virginia Tube Reactor during the 1960s. In 1984 the Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station was built here. The county owns the Fairfield County Airport, in operation since 1975.^[14] The Ridgeway gold mine, east of Ridgeway, was in operation from 1988 to 1999.

Geography[]

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 710 square miles (1,800 km²), of which 686 square miles (1,780 km²) is land and 24 square miles (62 km²) (3.3%) is water.^[15]

Demographics[]

Historical population
Census	Pop.		%±
1790	7,623		—
1800	10,087		32.3%
1810	11,857		17.5%
1820	17,174		44.8%
1830	21,546		25.5%
1840	20,165		−6.4%
1850	21,404		6.1%
1860	22,111		3.3%
1870	19,888		−10.1%
1880	27,765		39.6%
1890	28,599		3.0%
1900	29,425		2.9%
1910	29,442		0.1%
1920	27,159		−7.8%
1930	23,287		−14.3%
1940	24,187		3.9%
1950	21,780		−10.0%
1960	20,713		−4.9%
1970	19,999		−3.4%
1980	20,700		3.5%
1990	22,295		7.7%
2000	23,454		5.2%
2010	23,956		2.1%
2020	22,318		−6.8%
U.S. Decennial Census[16] 1790-1960[17] 1900-1990[18] 1990-2000[19] 2010-2013[1]

2000 census[]

As of the census^[20] of 2000,^{[needs update]} there were 23,454 people, 8,774 households, and 6,387 families living in the county. The population density was 34 people per square mile (13/km²). There were 10,383 housing units at an average density of 15 per square mile (6/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 59.09% Black or African American, 39.58% White, 0.19% Asian, 0.15% Native American, 0.44% from other races, and 0.55% from two or more races. 1.07% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 8,774 households, out of which 32.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.90% were married couples living together, 20.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.20% were non-families. 24.40% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.12.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.10% under the age of 18, 8.60% from 18 to 24, 27.80% from 25 to 44, 24.30% from 45 to 64, and 13.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.80 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $30,376, and the median income for a family was $35,943. Males had a median income of $29,033 versus $21,197 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,911. About 17.20% of families and 19.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.70% of those under age 18 and 24.10% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census[]

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 23,956 people, 9,419 households, and 6,578 families living in the county.^[21] The population density was 34.9 inhabitants per square mile (13.5/km²). There were 11,681 housing units at an average density of 17.0 per square mile (6.6/km²).^[22] The racial makeup of the county was 59.1% black or African American, 38.6% white, 0.2% Asian, 0.2% American Indian, 0.8% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.6% of the population.^[21] In terms of ancestry, 18.0% were American, 6.0% were English, 5.4% were Irish, 5.3% were Subsaharan African, and 5.0% were German.^[23]

Of the 9,419 households, 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.8% were married couples living together, 21.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 30.2% were non-families, and 26.5% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.01. The median age was 42.4 years.^[21]

The median income for a household in the county was $32,022 and the median income for a family was $40,849. Males had a median income of $39,837 versus $28,695 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,877. About 15.8% of families and 22.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.7% of those under age 18 and 20.7% of those age 65 or over.^[24]

Attractions[]

The county is home to the (in Winnsboro).^[25]

The Enoree Ranger District of the Sumter National Forest provides opportunities for outdoor recreation.^[26][27] The county has an abundance of deer and wild turkeys, making it an attraction for hunters.^[28] It is home to the Lake Wateree State Recreation Area.

Politics[]

Communities[]

Towns[]

• Blythewood (Mostly in Richland County)
• Jenkinsville
• Ridgeway
• Winnsboro (county seat and largest municipality)

Census-designated place[]

• Winnsboro Mills

Unincorporated communities[]

• Blackstock
• Blair
• Mitford
• Monticello

References[]

External links[]

• Official website
• Fairfield County History and Images

Coordinates: 34°24′N 81°08′W / 34.40°N 81.13°W / 34.40; -81.13