Highways in Poland
Controlled-access highways in Poland are part of the national roads network and they are divided into motorways and expressways. Both types of highways feature grade-separated interchanges with all other roads, emergency lanes, feeder lanes, wildlife protection measures and dedicated roadside rest areas. Motorways differ from expressways in their technical parameters, like designated speed, permitted road curvature, lane widths or minimal distances between interchanges. Moreover, expressways might have single carriageway sections in case of low traffic densities (as of 2022, the single-carriageway expressways, as well as motorway sections under construction with only the first carriageway opened to traffic, constitute 6.5% of the controlled-access highway network).
Except for the single-carriageway expressways, both types of highways fulfill the definition of a motorway as characterized by OECD, WRA or Vienna Convention. Speed limits in Poland are 140 km/h on motorways and 120 km/h on dual-carriageway expressways.
As of January 2022, there are 4,650 km (2,889 mi)[1] of motorways and expressways in operation (57% of the intended network), while contracts for construction of further 1,117 km (694 mi)[2] of motorways and expressways (14% of the intended network) are ongoing.
Technical parameters[]
Motorways are public roads with controlled access which are designated for motor vehicles only, and feature two carriageways with at least two continuous lanes each, divided by a median. They have no one-level intersections with any roads or other forms of land and water transport. They are equipped with roadside rest areas, which are intended only for the users of the motorway.
Some motorway stretches are tolled, others are free of charge. Motorways are the only roads in Poland which use blue background on road signs - others use green road signs.
Expressways share most of the characteristics of motorways, differing mainly in that:
- Expressways are designated for lower speed than motorways. For example, the road curvature can be higher and the lanes are usually narrower (3.5 m vs 3.75 m). Emergency lanes can also be narrower, and in exceptional situations expressways might not have them at all.
- Expressways can have a single carriageway on sections with low traffic density.
- Motorways can have interchanges only with main roads and the spacing between interchanges should not be less than 15 km (exceptionally 5 km); or not less than 5 km (exceptionally 3 km) within borders or near a big city or a group of cities. Expressways can have interchanges more often. In exceptional situations, expressways might not have dedicated feeder lanes on an interchange.
Technically, expressways are also allowed to admit a one-level junction with a minor public road in exceptional cases, however the last such remaining junction in Poland has been reconstructed into a two-level interchange by June 2020.[3][4][5] The definitions and technical parameters of highways are defined in the Public Roads Act of 21 March 1985 (with later amendments),[6] and the ministry ordinance of 2 March 1999 (with later amendments).[7]
As of January 2022, the total length of the operational sections of highways is composed of:
- dual-carriageway expressways – 56.5%,
- motorways – 37%,
- single-carriageway expressways – 4.5%,
- motorways under construction with the first constructed carriageway carrying bidirectional traffic – 2%.
Speed limits[]
| Maximum speed (km/h) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Vehicle |  |
 |
|
|
140 | 120 | 100 |
|
100 | ||
|
80 | ||
|
60 | ||
|
40 | ||
| Not allowed on motorways: pedestrians, bikes, mopeds, agricultural vehicles. Minimal speed on motorways is 40 km/h unless there are any extraordinary circumstances (e.g., snow, ice, or a car broken down). It is forbidden to stop except extraordinary situations, or travel backwards. Towing is not allowed on motorways, but is permitted on expressways. Roads are protected from animals crossing the road. | |||
Substandard highways[]
Motorways and expressways constructed before 1999 do not have to fulfill technical parameters listed in the ordinance. As of 2022, one notable case of a substandard highway remains:
- A4 on the section Krzyżowa – Wrocław (103 km (64 mi)) was constructed in years 1934 – 1937 (then the territory of Nazi Germany) and renovated in years 2002 – 2006. The road received new high quality surface but the geometry was kept unchanged and many overpasses above the motorway were kept. In effect, this part has no emergency lanes (which by current standards is only occasionally allowed on expressways and never on motorways) and speed limit is decreased to 110 km/h. A contract for preparing technical documentation for the section's full reconstruction (and widening to three lanes per direction) was signed in 2019.[8]
Notable historical cases are:
- A6 near Szczecin (29 km) was constructed by Nazi Germany and kept using the original surface made of concrete slabs until the reconstruction in years 1996 – 1999 and (easternmost fragment) 2017 – 2021.[9]
- A18 (70 km) had its southern carriageway constructed by Nazi Germany. The northern carriageway was constructed in 2004 – 2006, while southern carriageway kept using the original concrete slabs until the reconstruction started in 2020 / 2021. Currently, the high quality northern carriageway carries bidirectional traffic for the time of reconstruction. Section is not signed as a motorway.
- S3 near Szczecin (19 km) was opened in 1979 and, until the reconstruction in years 2019 – 2020, featured two at-grade road intersections as the last such expressway section in Poland.[3][5]
Tolls[]
Motorways A1, A2 and A4 are planned as tolled, and some of their sections are already such (see the full list below). The other highways are free of payment for vehicles up to 3.5 tons (Note: The permissible maximum weight of a vehicle is considered; in case of a passenger car with a trailer, the joint permissible maximum weight of the car and the trailer must not exceed 3.5 tons[10]). There are two systems of collecting tolls:
Electronic Toll Collection System[]
The e-toll system has been introduced on 1 December 2021. The drivers will need to buy tickets in advance[11] or use one of the available mobile apps: Autopay[12][13] supporting all motorway sections with electronic toll collection (i.e. all tolled sections except for privately-owned sections of A2), or dedicated apps of each motorway operator. The mobile application should be running while the motorway is being used.
The police can fine a driver who is using the motorway without a valid ticket or a mobile application, and the motorway operator can send a fine to the car owner if the motorway cameras catch the license plates of a car not registered in the system.[13] As an emergency option, a person who have used a state-owned tolled section while unaware of the new toll collection system, can buy a back-dated ticket[11] for 3 days after the driving date to avoid the latter type of fine.
Manual Toll Collection System[]
The toll booths and toll stations are located at the ends of privately-owned motorway sections. In case of the sections additionally supporting the electronic toll collection, a driver must choose between a "fast gate" for e-toll and a regular gate with manual toll collection.
In the open system, two toll stations are located at the ends of the section. A person driving the whole distance pays at both gates, while a person entering or leaving the motorway mid-section pays only at one gate. This system is only applicable to relatively short tolled fragments.
In the closed system, there are toll stations on every interchange both entering and exiting the tolled section. The driver receives a ticket upon entering the motorway and pays on the exit, with the price dependent on the distance driven.
Tolled sections[]
The following list of tolled sections is valid as of February 2022, and only applies to vehicles up to 3.5 tons of maximum permissible weight. The prices listed apply to passenger cars driving the section's whole length.
- Motorway A1:
- Tolled: 152 km (94 mi) Gdańsk – Toruń (managed by Gdańsk Transport Company): both electronic and manual (closed) systems available, 30 PLN ($8)
- Free: 415 km (258 mi) Toruń – Gorzyczki, of which a 22 km (14 mi) long fragment (Piotrków Trybunalski – Kamieńsk) has only the first motorway carriageway constructed, carrying bidirectional traffic with 4 lanes provided (2 lanes per direction) on the full length (section not officially signed as a motorway)
- Motorway A1:
- Motorway A2:
- Tolled: 133 km (83 mi) Rzepin – Poznań (managed by Autostrada Eksploatacja S.A.): manual (closed) system only, 38 PLN ($10)
- Free: 26 km (16 mi) Poznań bypass
- Tolled: 85 km (53 mi) Poznań – Sługocin (managed by Autostrada Eksploatacja S.A.): manual (open) system only, 40 PLN ($10)
- Free: 19 km (12 mi) Sługocin – Konin
- Tolled: 103 km (64 mi) Konin – Łódź (managed by the state): electronic system only, 10 PLN ($3)
- Free: 166 km (103 mi) Łódź – Warsaw (including S2) – Mińsk Mazowiecki
- Under construction / design: 135 km (84 mi) Mińsk Mazowiecki – Kukuryki
- Motorway A2:
- Motorway A4:
- Free: 153 km (95 mi) Zgorzelec – Wrocław,
- Tolled: 163 km (101 mi) Wrocław – Gliwice (managed by the state): electronic system only, 16 PLN ($4)
- Free: 34 km (21 mi) Gliwice – Mysłowice,
- Tolled: 52 km (32 mi) Mysłowice – Kraków-Balice (managed by Stalexport Autostrada Malopolska S.A.): both electronic and manual (open) systems available, 20 PLN ($5)
- Free: 268 km (167 mi) Kraków-Balice (including Kraków bypass) – Korczowa
- Motorway A6 (28 km (17 mi)): Free
- Motorway A8 (23 km (14 mi)): Free
- Motorway A18 (77 km (48 mi)): Free, of which most of the length (70 km (43 mi)) has only the first motorway carriageway constructed, carrying bidirectional traffic with 1 lane per direction (section not officially signed as a motorway)
- All expressways: Free
- Motorway A4:
viaTOLL payment system (vehicles over 3.5 tonnes)[]
 | This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: the viaTOLL system has been closed in September 2021. (February 2022) |
From 1.07.2011 all vehicles weighting more than 3.5 tons are obliged to have a special viaTOLL apparatus. On the chosen roads (some motorways, expressways and national roads) the special electronic readers are installed. They connect to the apparatus in the vehicle in a wireless way, and they also count the toll the vehicle has to pay. It is possible to buy it on some petrol stations or at the special points of selling.
If the apparatus isn't at the place, fines are applied:
- 1500 PLN if the car is heavier than 12 tons
- 750 PLN if the car is heavier than 3.5 tons but lighter than 12 tons.
List of Polish motorways and expressways with progress of construction[]
In May 2004, the Council of Ministers of Poland published a document including the planned highway network, the length of which was about 7,200 km (4,474 mi) and contained most of the highways in plans today.[14] More notable among the changes introduced in later amendments include re-routing S8 and adding S61 instead (2009, a change related to the Rospuda Valley conflict),[15] introducing S16 (2015, 2016), S52 (2016) and A50/S50 (2019),[16] as well as extending S5 to Ostróda (2015) and to Bolków (2019), S10 to Wołomin (2015) and S8 to Kłodzko (2019).[17][16] The planned network consists of 16 major highways (over 200 km of intended length): A1, S3, S5, S7, S11, S17, S19 and S61 running north to south, and A2, A4, S6, S8, S10, S12, S16 and S74 running west to east. 4 shorter motorways and 9 expressways complete the planned network.
The following table summarizes the progress of construction of the motorway and expressway network:[a][b] [20][21][22][23][24]
  1) Highways and major sections completed | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sign | Route | Location | Total length | Existing | Years of construction | ||||||
  western section |
 / (Berlin) - S3 - Poznań (S5/S11) - Łódź (A1/S14) - Warsaw (S7/S8/S17)
|
|
489.7 km[c] |  454.9 km 34.8 km
|
100% | mainly 2001 – 2013 [d] | |||||
 main section |
Szczecin (A6) - Gorzów Wielkopolski - Jordanowo (A2) - Zielona Góra - Lubin - Legnica (A4) | 
|
301.9 km[e] | 301.9 km | 100% | 2008 – 2021 [f] | |||||
|
/ (Dresden) - Legnica (S3) - Wrocław (A8) - Opole - Gliwice (A1) - Katowice (S1) - Kraków (S7) - Rzeszów (S19) - / (Lviv)
|
|
669 km | 669 km (of these, 103 km substandard: no emergency lanes) |
100% | 1976 – 2016 | |||||
 western section |
Poznań (A2/S11) - Leszno - Wrocław (A8) | 
|
158.5 km[g] | 158.5 km | 100% | 2014 – 2019 | |||||
  main section |
Wrocław (A4) - Łódź (A1) - Piotrków Trybunalski - Warsaw (A2/S7/S17) - Ostrów Maz. (S61) - Białystok (S19) | 
|
548.2 km[h] | 525.5 km 22.7 km
|
100% | 2008 – 2019 [i] | |||||
 main section |
Warsaw (A2) – Lublin (S12/S19) | 
|
150 km[j] | 150 km | 100% | 2010 – 2020 [i] | |||||
|
Elbląg – / (Kaliningrad Oblast)
|
|
52.2 km | 52.2 km single carriageway |
50% | 2006 – 2008 [k] | |||||
|
Olsztyn (S16) – Olsztynek (S7) | 
|
20.3 km | 20.3 km | 100% | 2009 – 2019 | |||||
|
Warsaw – airport – S2 | Warsaw | 4.8 km | 4.8 km | 100% | 2009 – 2013 | |||||
|
Katowice – Sosnowiec | Upper Silesia | 5.9 km | 5.9 km | 100% | 1978 – 1985 | |||||
2) Highways in development | |||||||||||
| Sign | Route | Location | Total length | Existing | In realisation[l] | Of which under active construction | Scheduled year(s) of opening[25] | Tender | In design / In predesign[m] | ||
|
Gdańsk (S6) - Grudziądz (S5) - Toruń (S10) - Łódź (A2/S8) - Gliwice (A4) - / (Ostrava)
|
|
566.6 km | 545 km + 21.6 km 1st carriageway with 2+2 lanes |
98.1% (100%) |
21.6 km 2nd carriageway (reconstruction of the western carriageway of a semi-highway from the 1970s) |
2022 (IX) | ||||
eastern section |
Warsaw (S17) – / (Minsk)
|
|
168.2 km | 35.1 km | 20.9% | 100.8 km | 24.6 km | 2023, 2024, 2028? |
32.3 km | ||
|
/ (Berlin) – (S3)
|
Szczecin (southern bypass) |
28.1 km | 27.3 km + 0.8 km 1st carriageway with 1+1 lanes |
98.6% (100%) |
0.8 km 2nd carriageway (reconstruction of the northern carriageway from the 1930s) |
2022 (V) | ||||
|
/ (Berlin) – Krzyżowa (A4)
|
|
76.5 km | 7 km + 69.5 km 1st carriageway with 1+1 lanes |
54.8% (100%) |
69.5 km 2nd carriageway (reconstruction of the southern carriageway from the 1930s) |
2022 (IX), 2023 |
||||
|
Pyrzowice (A1) - Mysłowice (A4) - Bielsko-Biała (S52) - Zwardoń - / (Žilina)
|
|
144 km | 72 km + 17 km single carriageway |
55.9% (61.8%) |
4.8 km + 3.7 km single carriageway |
2023 | ||||
| (+ 44 km) dual carriageway road |
(94.1%) | + 7 km (reconstruction) | |||||||||
| + 29.5 km (new route) |
2023, 2024/2025? |
10 km (new route) |
|||||||||
northern section |
Świnoujście – Szczecin (A6) |
|
85.4 km | 50.9 km + 5.4 km 1st carriageway |
62.8% | 29.1 km + 5.4 km 2nd carriageway |
2024 | ||||
| southern section | Legnica (A4) – / (Prague)
|
66.8 km | 35.7 km | 53.4% | 31.1 km | 2022 (VII), 2023 |
|||||
middle section |
Grudziądz (A1) - Bydgoszcz (S10) - Gniezno - Poznań (A2/S11) |
|
181.8 km[g] | 138.7 km + 13.3 km 1st carriageway |
80% | 29.8 km + 13.3 km 2nd carriageway |
2022 (VIII) | ||||
|
Szczecin (A6) - Goleniów (S3) - Koszalin (S11) - Słupsk - Gdańsk (A1)[n] | 
|
425.1 km | 177.2 km + 9.4 km 1st carriageway |
42.8% | 138.7 km + 9.4 km 2nd carriageway |
48.8 km | 2022 (V), 2023, 2025, 2028?, 2030?[o] |
49 km | 50.8 km | |
|
Gdańsk (A1)[n] - Elbląg (S22) - Olsztynek (S51) - Warsaw (S8) | 
|
ca. 674 km | 254.8 km + 15 km 1st carriageway |
78.5% |
6.2 km + 15 km 2nd carriageway |
2022 (IV) | ||||
| (+ 58 km) dual carriageway road |
(98.1%) | + 35.9 km (reconstruction) |
2023, 2025, 2027? |
9.1 km (reconst.) + 13 km (new r.) | |||||||
| Warsaw (S2) - Radom (S12) - Kielce (S74) - Kraków (A4) | 215.1 km |
76.4% | 42.3 km |
38 km |
2023, 2024 | ||||||
| (+ 24.3 km) dual carriageway road |
(85%) | + 24.3 km (new route) |
2022 (XII), 2023[p] |
||||||||
| Kraków (A4) – Rabka-Zdrój (planned extension to /)
|
28.7 km | 50.5% | 3.1 km | 2022 (IX) | |||||||
| (+ 25 km) dual carriageway road |
(94.5%) | (2028?), after 2035[q] |
+ ca. 25 km (new route) | ||||||||
|
S8 - Pabianice - Zgierz - A2 | Łódź (western bypass) |
40.2 km | 13.5 km | 33.6% | 26.7 km | 2022 (VI), 2023 | ||||
 Via Carpatia |
/ (Minsk) - Białystok (S8) - Lublin (S12/S17)
|
|
572.5 km | 18.5 km 1st carriageway |
2.9% | 147.3 km | 2024, 2025, 2027? |
80.5 km + 13.7 km 2nd c/w |
71.5 km + 4.8 km 2nd c/w | ||
| Lublin (S12/S17) - Stalowa Wola - Rzeszów (A4) | 112.8 km + 16.3 km 1st carriageway with interchanging 2+1 lanes |
76.6% | 28.8 km | 2022 (V), 2nd c/w: 2026? |
16.3 km 2nd carriageway | ||||||
| Rzeszów (A4) – / (Košice)
|
11.4 km | 11.8% | 40.2 km | 2025, 2026 tunnel: 2029? |
29.4 km | 15.6 km | |||||
 part 2 |
Kraków-Balice (A4) – Kraków‑Mistrzejowice (S7) | Kraków (northern bypass) |
18.3 km | 5.8 km | 31.4% | 12.5 km | 2023 | ||||
 Via Baltica |
Ostrów Mazowiecka (S8) - Łomża - Ełk (S16) - Suwałki - / (Kaunas)
|
|
210.7 km | 103.4 km | 49.1% | 97.3 km | 2022 (X), 2023, 2024?[r] |
12.9 km Łomża bypass: tender for completion of aborted work |
|||
3) Highways partially in development | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sign | Route | Location | Total length | Existing | In realisation | Of which under active construction | Tender | In design / In predesign[m] |
Planned completion [24][27] | ||
|
Koszalin (S6) - Piła (S10) - Poznań (A2/S5) - Ostrów Wielkopolski - Kępno (S8) - Tarnowskie Góry - A1 | 
|
ca. 556.5 km | 83.4 km + 12.2 km 1st carriageway |
15.8% | 72.5 km | 24.4 km | 2029 | |||
| + 203 km | |||||||||||
| + ca. 161 km + 12.2 km 2nd c/w | |||||||||||
4) Planned highways | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sign | Route | Total length | Existing | In realisation | Of which under active construction | Tender | Predesign complete | In predesign[s] | Preliminary works[t] | Planned completion [24][27] | |
|
|
Eastern extension:[u] Ostróda (S7) – Grudziądz (A1) |
ca. 104.3 km | 8.7 km | 8.4% | 5.6 km | ca. 90 km | 2032 | ||||
| Western extension:[v] Bolków (S3) – Świdnica – S8 |
ca. 50 km | 0 km | 0% | ca. 50 km | 2030 | ||||||
|
|
Southern extension:[v] Kłodzko – Wrocław (A8)(planned extension to /)
|
ca. 82.4 km | 5.1 km | 6.2% | 68.8 km | 2027 | |||||
| + ca. 8.5 km | |||||||||||
|
Szczecin (A6) - Piła (S11) - Bydgoszcz (S5) - Toruń (A1) - Płock - Płońsk / Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki (S7) | ca. 417 km | 50.2 km + 17.5 km 1st carriageway |
14.1% | 40 km + 10.9 km 2nd c/w |
109 km | ca. 120 km | 2032 | |||
| + 80.3 km | |||||||||||
| + 6.6 km 2nd c/w | |||||||||||
|
Piotrków Trybunalski (A1) - Sulejów (S74) - Radom (S7) - Puławy west of Lublin (S17) | 185 km | 16.4 km + 6.0 km 1st carriageway |
10.7% | 162.6 km + 6.0 km 2nd c/w |
2029 | |||||
| Piaski east of Lublin (S17) - Chełm - / (Kyiv)
|
75.6 km | 1.1 km | 1.5% | 14 km | 60.5 km | 2030, mainly 2026 | |||||
|
Olsztyn (S51) - Ełk (S61) - Białystok (S19) | ca. 245 km | 29.7 km + 20.1 km 1st carriageway |
16.2% | 16.5 km | 11.1 km + 20.1 km 2nd c/w |
77.5 km | 2030 | |||
| + ca. 90 km | |||||||||||
|
|
Warsaw eastern bypass | 17.3 km | 0 km | 0% | 3.5 km | 13.8 km | 2028 or later[w] | ||||
| Eastern section: Lublin (S12/S19) - Zamość - / (Lviv)
|
154 km | 28.1 km + 11.6 km 1st carriageway |
19.4% | 9.6 km 2nd carriageway |
47.7 km | 44.3 km | 2028 | ||||
| + 22.3 km | |||||||||||
| + 2 km 2nd c/w | |||||||||||
 
|
CPK (A2) – Mińsk Maz. (A2) – CPK (A2) (Warsaw 2nd ring) |
ca. 100 km 165 km
|
0 km | 0% | ca. 265 km | 2033 | |||||
| part 1
|
/ (Brno/Ostrava) - Cieszyn - Bielsko-Biała (S1) - Wadowice - Głogoczów (S7)
|
98 km | 37 km | 37.8% | 61 km | 2030 | |||||
|
Sulejów (S12) - Kielce (S7) - Sandomierz - Nisko (S19) | ca. 207 km | 6.7 km | 3.2% | 9.7 km | 16.5 km | 77.1 km | 29.3 km | 2030 | ||
| + ca. 68 km | |||||||||||
|
In total | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Highway type | Planned length | Existing | In realisation[l] | Of which under active construction | Tender | Predesign complete | In predesign | Preliminary works | No progress | |
| Motorways | ca. 2,086 km (1,296.2 mi) | 1761 km + 92 km 1st carriageway |
86.62% | 100.8 km + 92 km 2nd carriageway |
24.6 km + 92 km 2nd carriageway |
32.3 km | ca. 100 km |
|||
| Expressways | ca. 6,030 km (3,746.9 mi) | 2687.5 km + 214.5 km 1st carriageway |
46.35% | 867.5 km + 3.7 km 1st c/w + 52.7 km 2nd c/w |
513.9 km + 3.7 km 1st c/w + 43.3 km 2nd c/w |
285.8 km + 24.6 km 2nd carriageway |
140 km + 20.1 km 2nd carriageway |
ca. 1543.5 km + 47.9 km 2nd carriageway |
ca. 310 km |
73 km 2nd carriageway[x] |
| Total as of 1 January 2022 |
ca. 8,116 km (5,043.0 mi) | 4448.5 km + 306.5 km 1st carriageway |
56.70% | 968.3 km + 3.7 km 1st c/w + 144.7 km 2nd c/w |
538.5 km + 3.7 km 1st c/w + 135.3 km 2nd c/w |
285.8 km + 24.6 km 2nd carriageway |
140 km + 20.1 km 2nd carriageway |
ca. 1575.8 km + 47.9 km 2nd carriageway |
ca. 410 km |
73 km 2nd carriageway |
- ^ Jump up to: a b Major changes in the network (e.g. opening of long fragments of a road, signing all contract for a given road section) are accounted continuously, while a general update including all the details is done every several months (last: January 1, 2022). 'In total' length statistic is kept consistent as of the last general update, and might hence not be the exact sum of the current state of the table.
- ^ Some highways can overlap. The table shows data without overlapping sections such that each fragment is counted exactly once, in accordance with how they are attributed in the ministry ordinance,[18] i.e. each common section is attributed to the road with the lower number (in case of two expressways overlapping) or to a motorway (in case of a motorway and an expressway overlapping), except for S12/S17 near Lublin which is recorded as S17 in the sources.[19]
- ^ Aggregate length for A2: 622.1 km (Completed: 78%, in realisation: 16%)
- ^ First 48 km constructed 1977 – 1988, upgraded to modern standard 2002 – 2003.
Eastern half of S2 in Warsaw constructed 2017 – 2021. - ^ Aggregate length for S3: 454.9 km (Completed: 85.8%, in realisation: 14.2%)
- ^ The 1st carriageway on three sections (62 km in total) constructed 1985 – 2008.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Aggregate length for S5 including Ostróda and Bolków extensions (added to the plans in 2015/2019): 508 km (Completed: 61.5%, in realisation: 8.8%)
- ^ Aggregate length for S8 including Kłodzko extension (added to plans in 2019): 616 km (Completed: 87.5%)
- ^ Jump up to: a b Short fragments (some bypasses of towns) constructed earlier in the 2000s.
- ^ Aggregate length for S17: 322.5 km (Completed: 57%, in realisation: 2.6%)
- ^ In place of a largely destroyed Nazi German (also single-carriageway) motorway from the 1930s.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Sections under active construction and sections under a joint Design & Build contract.
- ^ Jump up to: a b
Predesign/design complete (ready for tender).In design, if it is being conducted as part of the predesign process rather than as part of a design-build contract.In the late predesign phase, i.e. after having obtained environmental decision (0–2 years to finish).In the process of obtaining environmental decision (including if a non-final decision has been issued and is being appealed from).In the early predesign stage (Polish: STEŚ).Preliminary works (an analysis determining the optimal corridor for the planned highway – Polish: Studium Korytarzowe).
- ^ Jump up to: a b According to the ordinance, a fragment of S6 (1st Tricity bypass) is ultimately to become a section of S7 after 2nd Tricity bypass (S6) is constructed. Until the actual relabelling takes place, this fragment is being accounted to S6 and not to S7 in the table.
- ^ Szczecin 2nd bypass – road sections: 2028, tunnel section: 2030[26]
- ^ The 1st carriageway and parts of the 2nd carriageway to be opened by the end of 2022. Completion of the 2nd carriageway planned by the end of 2023.
- ^ Section Kraków – Myślenice: see [27] section 4.1, last paragraph. Until ca. 2028, the existing dual-carriageway DK7 is planned to get upgraded with removing all at-grade intersections and pedestrian crossings. A 2x3 expressway on a new route will be constructed after 2035.
- ^ Łomża bypass: 1st carriageway: 2023, 2nd carriageway: 2024
- ^
In the late predesign phase, i.e. after having obtained environmental decision (0–2 years to finish).In the process of obtaining environmental decision (including if a non-final decision has been issued and is being appealed from).In the early predesign stage (Polish: STEŚ).
- ^ Analysis determining the optimal corridor for the planned highway (Polish: Studium Korytarzowe)
- ^ Added to the plans in 2015
- ^ Jump up to: a b Added to the plans in 2019
- ^ Depending on the status of revocation of the environmental decision.
- ^ Single carriageway expressways which are currently not planned for widening to dual carriageways: 52.2 km of S22, 20.8 km of S1
Annual average daily traffic on Polish highways[]
The latest general measurement of annual average daily traffic in Poland was conducted in 2020. It was partially extended to 2021 because some measurements had been cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic which would make their results unreliable.[28][29]
Traffic volumes in Poland note rapid increase since the fall of communism in 1989: the average volumes recorded in 2020 amount to over 360% of the average volumes recorded in 1990.[30][31] With the increasing traffic, the length of overburdened regular national roads (the measurement analysis defines a regular single carriageway country road as overburdened if recorded average annual traffic exceeds 15'000 vehicles per day[32]) had also been steadily increasing until reaching the maximum of 1389 km in 2010.[33] Due to large number of highway sections opened between 2010 and 2020, the number of overburdened roads in that decade has fallen down for the first time in history, and is equal to 1121 km in the 2020 measurement.[31]
The following highways recorded the highest traffic volumes in 2020:[28]
| No | Section | Vehicles / day | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Most busy highways in Poland | |||
| 1 |
S8 in Warsaw (partially joint with S7) |
198'000 114'000 115'000 |
Highest AADT on sections with 5 lanes per direction: 198'000 (S7/S8), 114'000 (S2). |
| 2 | S86 | 113'000 | S86 serves mainly local traffic between Sosnowiec and Katowice and is not part of Poland's transit network. 3 lanes per direction. |
| 3 | A4 in Katowice | 105'000 | A4 serves both the transit traffic (2 lanes per direction) and local traffic (2 lanes per direction). |
| 4 | S6, Gdańsk, Sopot and Gdynia bypass | 97'000 |
Highest AADT on sections with 2 lanes per direction: 93'000 – the most busy 2x2 highway in Poland. |
| 5 | A8, Wrocław western bypass | 86'000 | 3 lanes per direction. |
| 6 | A4, Kraków western bypass | 85'000 | 2 lanes per direction. |
The other highest and lowest recorded AADT values were:
| Category | Section | Vehicles / day | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Least busy highways in Poland | |||
| Least busy single-carriageway highway | S22 near /
|
800 | The results cannot be considered reliable, as the measurement has been conducted while major restrictions in crossing the external border of European Union were in force because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[31] |
| Least busy dual-carriageway highway | A4 near /
|
1'800 | |
| Least busy highway excluding near-border sections | S11 Szczecinek bypass | 3'900 – 6'400 | |
| Most busy regular national roads in Poland Note: Measurements are not performed on national roads within the borders of major cities | |||
| Most busy dual-carriageway national road | DK7 north of Warsaw | 63'000 | 2 lanes per direction with at-grade intersections and traffic ligths. New parallel route of S7 is planned. |
| Most busy single-carriageway national road | west of Kraków | 36'000 | |
| Most busy single-carriageway national road within the planned highway network | DK19 north of Lublin | 28'500 | S19 is in realization (design-build). |
History[]
Before World War II[]
The first plans of creation of a national highway network in Poland were conceived in the interwar period:
In 1934, Nazi Germany started the construction of their motorway system, parts of which today form A18 and A4 to Wrocław (Breslau), as well as A6 Szczecin bypass and S22 (parts of the planned motorway to Königsberg). About half of them were constructed as single-carriageway with the intention of adding a second carriageway in later years. However, after 1938, warfare expenses meant little money would be invested into any infrastructure and only one 9 km single-carriageway piece west of Gliwice (now A4) was constructed.
In Poland, a 28 km stretch between Warlubie and Osiek (now ) was constructed in 1937 – 1939 in the motorway standard of the time (today not considered a highway) with a concrete surface, which was designed by Italian engineer Piero Puricelli. The motorway was planned to reach Gdynia, but the outbreak of the Second World War halted the plans.
| Signage | Section | Length | Start of construction | Opening | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Krzyżowa ( ) – Krzywa
|
12.3 km (7.6 mi) | 1934 | 17 October 1937 | |
| Krzywa – Wrocław | 91 km (56.5 mi) | 27 September 1936 | |||
| Wrocław – Brzeg (Owczary) | 34.1 km (21.2 mi) | 1938 | Southern carriageway only | ||
| Ujazd (Nogowczyce) – Łany | 9.1 km (5.7 mi) | 1940 | 1942 | ||
| Łany – Kleszczów (Gliwice) | 8.8 km (5.5 mi) | 1936 | 1938 | ||
|
|
 – Szczecin-Zachód
|
2.6 km (1.6 mi) | 1934 | 27 September 1936 | |
| Szczecin-Zachód – Rzęśnica | 26.6 km (16.5 mi) | 1938 | |||
|
|
– Iłowa
|
37.2 km (23.1 mi) | 1936 | 1938 | Southern carriageway only |
| Iłowa – Golnice | 32 km (19.9 mi) | 1935 | 17 October 1937 | ||
Golnice – Krzyżowa ( )
|
5.9 km (3.7 mi) | 1936 | 1938 | ||
|
|
Elbląg – Grzechotki | 51.4 km (31.9 mi) | 1934 | 1938 | Western carriageway only |
| Total | 316.9 km (196.9 mi) of which 178.5 km (110.9 mi) single carriageway |
Note: Signage of the roads at the time of opening was different. | |||
1945 – 1972[]
The Potsdam conference defined the borders for communist Poland, which were very different from the pre-1939 ones. It received the so-called Regained Territories from the former Third Reich with the aforementioned motorway sections (some of them with first carriageway only). Most of the motorway bridges were destroyed by the warfare, but only a few were repaired or rebuilt in the first post-war years. The bridge over Ina river was reconstructed in 1972, and those on S22 only between 1996 and 2003.
Apart from the bridges, almost all the motorways were left in the same condition as they were in 1945 until the mid-1990s. The only road left from Nazi times that was completed by the People's Republic of Poland was a one-carriageway small section between Łęczyca and Lisowo (15 km of what is now DW142), which was built on the previous works of Nazis.
Despite announcing such pompous plans, no motorway was opened in the meantime.
In the 1970s[]
Only in the 1970s did any works start. In 1972 it was planned to build:
In 1973 – 1976, "Gierkówka" dual carriageway from Warsaw to Katowice (281 km (175 mi)) was built. Originally planned as a motorway, it was in the end constructed by adding another carriageway to the existing road, hence going through many villages and crossing with local roads. However, the part from Piotrków Trybunalski to Częstochowa (78 km (48 mi)) was constructed on a new route in a semi-motorway standard: the road was constructed on a motorway alignment but majority of the intersections between the highway and the other roads were constructed as one-level with no viaducts or overpasses.
| Signage | Section | Length | Start of construction | Opening |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Piotrków Trybunalski – Częstochowa semi-motorway standard (one-level intersections) |
78 km (48 mi) | 1973 | 1976 |
|
|
Tri-city bypass (eastern carriageway) substandard (two one-level intersections, then reconstructed when adding a second carriageway in the 1980s) |
37.7 km (23.4 mi) | 1973 | 1977 |
| Rzęśnica – Goleniów substandard (one-level intersections) |
19.3 km (12.0 mi) | 1976 | 1979 | |
| Total | 57 km (35.4 mi) of which 37.7 km (23.4 mi) single carriageway | |||
In the 1980s[]
Near the end of 1970s the first construction of motorways started and continued to the next decade. The roads opened in the 1980s were the first motorways and expressways which generally meet the contemporary standards (at least with respect to their more important attributes), although in several cases their poor quality forced major renovations to be preformed as soon as within the first 20 years of operation, in order to adhere to the contemporary standards.[35][36]
In 1985 the government already planned to build the expressways apart from the motorways. The major routes planned as motorways were A1, A2 and A4. The realization of these plans however came at a very slow pace: throughout the 1980s, only an average of 20 km (12 mi) of highways in the whole country were being opened per year.
| showHighway sections opened in the 1980s average: 20.5 km / year |
|---|
In the 1990s[]
In the III Republic of Poland the plans started to change again. Planned S3 was promoted to a motorway standard as A3 (the decision was later reversed) and a plan was introduced (also later reversed) of constructing the highway Łódź – Wrocław – Bolków in a motorway standard as A8. Szczecin bypass (A6) and Olszyna – Krzywa (then named A12, now A4/A18) were promoted to motorways, even though at that time majority of their lengths was in bad shape, laid with the original concrete surface from the 1930s with no significant works having been performed on any of them throughout the communist period.
| showHighway sections opened in the 1990s average: 15 km / year |
|---|
In the 2000s[]
As of the end of 1999, vast majority of national and international traffic routes were served by regular national roads, most of them leading through the cities, towns and villages, and most of them single carriageway. Only the following number of highways was present:
- about 275 km (171 mi) of modern dual carriageway motorways and expressways (3.5% of the network as planned nowadays),
- about 90 km (56 mi) of single carriageway expressways,
- about 125 km (78 mi) of not-yet-resurfaced Nazi German motorways from the 1930s,
- about 150 km (93 mi) of not-yet-resurfaced Nazi German motorways on sections where only the first carriageway was constructed.
Before Poland received the EU membership[]
A few years before Poland entered the EU the tempo of motorway construction increased significantly. The main focus was on the east–west motorways A4 and A2. In 2002, a long-awaited renovation of the A4 from Krzywa to Wrocław (93 km) has started, which included laying new high quality surface in place of the Nazi German concrete slabs, reconstruction of all the pre-WWII bridges on the motorway and renovation of the viaducts above the motorway.
This is also a period when Poland started introducing motorway tolls, first in 2000 for the A4 section between Mysłowice and Kraków.
| showHighway sections opened in 2000 – 2003 average: 57 km / year |
|---|
Poland in European Union[]
1 May 2004 was a crucial day for the history of motorway construction, and that is when the highway boom started. One of major advantages of signing the European Union access document was that Poland could get access to large funds for co-financing the construction of new roads and upgrades of the existing road infrastructure.
These years, the existing pieces of the motorways started to converge into the basis of the future network:
- in 2005, A4 connected Wrocław with Katowice and Kraków, while in 2009 – with Germany;
- in 2006, A2 connected Poznań with Łódź.
A large number of expressway bypasses of towns were also constructed at this time. On some of them, only one carriageway was built (with the allocated space prepared for easy construction of the second carriageway later).
| showHighway sections opened in 2004 – 2009 average: 150 km / year |
|---|
2010 – 2015[]
| Length of highways opened in 2010 – 2015 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Length | Notes |
| 2010 | 135 km (84 mi) | |
| 2011 | 313 km (194 mi) | |
| 2012 | 639 km (397 mi) | Of which 195 km (121 mi) were opened before Euro 2012 championship |
| 2013 | 298 km (185 mi) | |
| 2014 | 279 km (173 mi) | |
| 2015 | 34 km (21 mi) | |
| Total | 1,698 km (1,055 mi) | Of which 61 km (38 mi) first / second carriageway |
The sections opened in 2010 – 2015 belonged to the following highways:
: + 281 km (175 mi) (A1 on the section Gdańsk – Łódź was completed in 2014)
: + 234 km (145 mi) (A2 on the section Germany – Warsaw was completed in 2012)
: + 170 km (106 mi) (S3 on the section Szczecin – A2 – Zielona Góra was completed in 2013, except that the older single-carriageway parts remained so until 2017)
: + 183 km (114 mi)
: + 159 km (99 mi)
: + 372 km (231 mi) (S8 on the section Wrocław – Łódź was completed in 2014)
: + 299 km (186 mi) in total
2016 – 2020[]
After the peak of investments before Euro 2012, very few new sections have been contracted in 2012 and 2013, which resulted in a small number of sections opened in 2015 and 2016, large share of which were the last delayed fragments originally contracted for a Euro 2012 opening. In particular:
- In 2016, the last delayed fragment of from Kraków to Ukraine was opened, making A4 the first major Polish highway completed on its whole intended length, as well as the first complete border-to-border highway connection.
- Also in 2016, the delayed bypass of Łódź was finished, making completed on its whole route except for those sections where national road 1 had already been a dual carriageway (see In the 1970s), allowing for a significantly lower priority of constructing the remaining stretch compared to other highways.
Since 2014, the number of signed contracts has risen again, resulting in the number of road openings having risen again since 2017.
| Length of highways opened in 2016 – 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Length | Notes |
| 2016 | 123 km (76 mi) | |
| 2017 | 295 km (183 mi) | |
| 2018 | 318 km (198 mi) | |
| 2019 | 410 km (255 mi) | |
| 2020 | 135 km (84 mi) | |
| Total | 1,281 km (796 mi) | Of which 94 km (58 mi) first / second carriageway |
The sections opened in 2016 – 2020 belonged to the following highways:
- : + 173 km (107 mi)
: + 227 km (141 mi) (S5 on the section Poznań – Wrocław was completed in 2019)
: + 128 km (80 mi) (S6 on the section Szczecin – Koszalin was completed in 2019)- : + 213 km (132 mi)
- : + 128 km (80 mi) (S8 was completed on its originally intended route from Wrocław to Białystok in 2019; an extension to Kłodzko was later added to the plans)
: + 97 km (60 mi) (S17 on the section Warsaw – Lublin was completed in 2020)
: + 315 km (196 mi) in total (A1 and A4: see above)
2021 – present[]
| Length of highways opened, or to be opened, in 2021 – 2025 by the contract completion date | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Length | Notes |
| 2021 | 375 km (233 mi) | |
| 2022 | 304 km (189 mi) | Ongoing constructions[37] |
| 2023 | 315 km (196 mi) | Ongoing constructions[25] Ongoing design-build contracts for S1 (27 km)[25] |
| 2024 | 276 km (171 mi) | Ongoing constructions[25] Ongoing design-build contracts[25] Ongoing tender for completion of aborted works on S61 (13 km)[24] |
| 2025 | 360 km (224 mi) | Ongoing design-build contracts (223 km)[25] Ongoing design-build tenders for S1, S6, S19 and S74 (137 km)[24] |
| Total | 1,630 km (1,013 mi) | Of which 7 km (4 mi) first carriageway, 111 km (69 mi) second carriageway |
The sections opened, or planned to get opened, in 2021 – 2025 belong to the following highways:
- : + 106 km (66 mi)
- : + 104 km (65 mi) (S3 is scheduled to get completed in 2024)
- : + 200 km (124 mi) (S6 on the section Koszalin – Gdańsk is planned to get completed in 2025)
- : + 196 km (122 mi) (S7 on the section Warsaw – Kraków is scheduled to get completed in 2024)
: + 387 km (240 mi) (S19 "Via Carpathia" on the section Lublin – Rzeszów is scheduled to get completed in 2022)
: + 183 km (114 mi) (S61 "Via Baltica" is planned to get completed in 2023/2024)- ,
, , , : + ca. 60 – 80 km each (A1 is scheduled to get completed in 2022; S5 on the section Grudziądz (A1) – Poznań is scheduled to get completed in 2022; reconstruction of the second carriageway of A18 is scheduled to get completed in 2023; S1 is planned to get completed in 2024/2025) 
: + 110 km (68 mi) in total
Total length of motorways and expressways in Poland (end of the year)[]
| Year | Highways, total length |
|---|---|
| 1936 (then Nazi Germany) | 92 km |
| 1937 (then Nazi Germany) | 104 km and 38 km first carriageway |
| 1938–1945 (then Nazi Germany) | 133 km and 135 km first carriageway (further below not considered as a motorway until addition of the second carriageway) |
| 1939–1945 (Poland) | 28 km (today not considered as a highway) |
| 1945–1976 | 133 km |
| 1977 | 169 km |
| 1978 | 169 km |
| 1979 | 190 km |
| 1980 | 190 km |
| 1981 | 190 km |
| 1982 | 190 km |
| 1983 | 255 km |
| 1984 | 278 km |
| 1985 | 321 km |
| 1986 | 327 km |
| 1987 | 327 km |
| 1988 | 348 km |
| 1989 | 366 km |
| 1990 | 381 km |
| 1991 | 399 km |
| 1992 | 399 km |
| 1993 | 403 km |
| 1994 | 405 km |
| 1995 | 440 km |
| 1996 | 453 km |
| 1997 | 456 km |
| 1998 | 490 km |
| 1999 | 502 km |
| 2000 | 592 km |
| 2001 | 630 km |
| 2002 | 639 km |
| 2003 | 727 km |
| 2004 | 781 km |
| 2005 | 848 km |
| 2006 | 1013 km |
| 2007 | 1083 km |
| 2008 | 1282 km |
| 2009 | 1454 km |
| 2010 | 1560 km |
| 2011 | 1865 km |
| 2012 | 2495 km |
| 2013 | 2805 km |
| 2014 | 3100 km |
| 2015 | 3131 km |
| 2016 | 3252 km |
| 2017 | 3510 km |
| 2018 | 3811 km |
| 2019 | 4214 km |
| 2020 | 4337 km |
| 2021 | 4690 km |
| 2022 | 4985 km (forecast[25]) |
| 2023 | 5266 km (forecast[25]) |
| 2024 | 5542 km (forecast[25]) |
| 2025 | 5944 km (forecast[25][38]) |
| 2030 | ca. 7600 km (plans[27][24]) |
| 2033 | ca. 8150 km (plans[27]) |
| After 2035 | ca. 8175 km – full planned network (plans[27]) |
See also[]
- Classes and categories of public roads in Poland
- Transport in Poland § Road transport
- List of controlled-access highway systems
- Evolution of motorway construction in European nations
References[]
- ^ "Autostrady :: Generalna Dyrekcja Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad - Strona Główna". www.gddkia.gov.pl.
- ^ Including joint design–build contracts. Of these 678 km (421 mi) in active construction.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "S3 Miękowo - Rzęśnica :: Generalna Dyrekcja Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad - Serwis informacyjny". www.gddkia.gov.pl.
- ^ "Aktualności – S3 Miękowo – Rzęśnica".
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Generalna Dyrekcja Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad - Generalna Dyrekcja Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad - Portal Gov.pl". Generalna Dyrekcja Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad.
- ^ "Ustawa z dnia 21 marca 1985 r. o drogach publicznych". prawo.sejm.gov.pl.
- ^ "Obwieszczenie Ministra Infrastruktury i Budownictwa z dnia 23 grudnia 2015 r. w sprawie ogłoszenia jednolitego tekstu rozporządzenia Ministra Transportu i Gospodarki Morskiej w sprawie warunków technicznych, jakim powinny odpowiadać drogi publiczne i ich usytuowanie". prawo.sejm.gov.pl.
- ^ "Umowa na analizę dla rozbudowy A4 Wrocław – Krzyżowa podpisana! :: Generalna Dyrekcja Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad - Serwis informacyjny". www.gddkia.gov.pl.
- ^ "A6 Szczecin Dąbie - Rzęśnica :: Generalna Dyrekcja Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad - Serwis informacyjny". www.gddkia.gov.pl.
- ^ "Via Toll".
- ^ Jump up to: a b https://etoll.gov.pl/en/light-vehicles/e-ticket/about-e-ticket/
- ^ "Autopay - Comfortable automatic payments - Autopay".
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Koniec stania przy bramkach. Autopay na państwowych autostradach od 1 grudnia - Autopay".
- ^ "Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 15 maja 2004 r. w sprawie sieci autostrad i dróg ekspresowych". prawo.sejm.gov.pl.
- ^ "Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 20 października 2009 r. zmieniające rozporządzenie w sprawie sieci autostrad i dróg ekspresowych". prawo.sejm.gov.pl.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Dziennik Ustaw 2019 r. poz. 1819". www.dziennikustaw.gov.pl.
- ^ "Zmiany w rozporządzeniu w sprawie sieci autostrad i dróg ekspresowych - Ministerstwo Infrastruktury i Budownictwa". mib.gov.pl. Retrieved 2016-07-05.
- ^ http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20180000741: Appendix 2, footnote 1 (in Polish)
- ^ "WYNIKI_GPR_2015_DK.pdf" (PDF).
- ^ "Zestawienie realizacji autostrad i dróg ekspresowych w Polsce". Retrieved 2019-12-26.
- ^ "Amendment to Road Construction Plan of 16 June 2020 - Ministry of Infrastructure". gov.pl.
- ^ "Mapa budowy dróg ekspresowych i autostrad". Retrieved 2019-12-26.
- ^ "Map of construction of Polish highways - SISKOM & SSC". ssc.siskom.waw.pl. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Map of construction of Polish highways - GDDKiA". gov.pl. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "List of ongoing road contracts signed by GDDKiA".
- ^ http://www.wzp.pl/biuro-prasowe/biuro-prasowe/aktualnosci/jednym-glosem-w-sprawie-zachodniego-drogowego-obejscia-szczecina
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Rządowy Plan Budowy Dróg do 2030 roku". www.gov.pl.
- ^ Jump up to: a b https://www.gov.pl/web/gddkia/generalny-pomiar-ruchu-20202021
- ^ "Generalna Dyrekcja Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad - Generalna Dyrekcja Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad - Portal Gov.pl".
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2020-01-26.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Jump up to: a b c https://www.gov.pl/attachment/f49c90ff-eb1c-469c-8ab4-04bf91ac7db0
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2020-01-26.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ https://www.archiwum.gddkia.gov.pl/userfiles/articles/g/GENERALNY_POMIAR_RUCHU_2010/0.1.1.5_Synteza_GPR_2010.pdf
- ^ "Zamów domenę". domains24.pl.
- ^ https://www.autostrada-a2.pl/corporate/about/history/
- ^ https://www.autostrada-a4.com.pl/pl/o-nas/historia-przedsiewziecia
- ^ https://inwestycje.pl/gospodarka/gddkia-planuje-oddac-do-ruchu-ok-345-km-nowych-drog-w-2022
- ^ "Generalna Dyrekcja Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad - Generalna Dyrekcja Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad - Portal Gov.pl".
External links[]
Media related to Highways in Poland at Wikimedia Commons
- General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways (in Polish, some information also in English)
- Roads in Poland
- Lists of roads by country
- Poland transport-related lists