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January 28

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January 28 in recent years
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January 28 is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar; 337 days remain until the end of the year (338 in leap years).

Events[]

Pre-1600[]

  • 0098 – On the death of Nerva, Trajan is declared Roman emperor in Cologne, the seat of his government in lower Germany.[1]
  • 0814 – The death of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, brings about the accession of his son Louis the Pious as ruler of the Frankish Empire.[2]
  • 1069Robert de Comines, appointed Earl of Northumbria by William the Conqueror, rides into Durham, England, where he is defeated and killed by rebels.[3] This incident leads to the Harrying of the North.
  • 1077Walk to Canossa: The excommunication of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, is lifted after he humbles himself before Pope Gregory VII at Canossa in Italy.[4]
  • 1521 – The Diet of Worms begins, lasting until May 25.[5]
  • 1547Edward VI, the nine-year-old son of Henry VIII, becomes King of England on his father's death.
  • 1568 – The Edict of Torda prohibits the persecution of individuals on religious grounds in John Sigismund Zápolya's Eastern Hungarian Kingdom.
  • 1573 – Articles of the Warsaw Confederation are signed, sanctioning freedom of religion in Poland.
  • 1591 – Execution of Agnes Sampson, accused of witchcraft in Edinburgh.[6]

1601–1900[]

  • 1624Sir Thomas Warner founds the first British colony in the Caribbean, on the island of Saint Kitts.
  • 1671 – Original city of Panama (founded in 1519) is destroyed by a fire when privateer Henry Morgan sacks and sets fire to it. The site of the previously devastated city is still in ruins (see Panama Viejo).
  • 1724 – The Russian Academy of Sciences is founded in St. Petersburg, Russia, by Peter the Great, and implemented by Senate decree. It is called the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences until 1917.
  • 1754 – Sir Horace Walpole coins the word serendipity in a letter to a friend.
  • 1813Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice is first published in the United Kingdom.
  • 1846 – The Battle of Aliwal, India, is won by British troops commanded by Sir Harry Smith.[7]
  • 1851Northwestern University becomes the first chartered university in Illinois.
  • 1855 – A locomotive on the Panama Canal Railway runs from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean for the first time.
  • 1871Franco-Prussian War: The Siege of Paris ends in French defeat and an armistice.[8]
  • 1878Yale Daily News becomes the first independent daily college newspaper in the United States.[9]
  • 1896 – Walter Arnold of East Peckham, Kent, becomes the first person to be convicted of speeding. He was fined one shilling, plus costs, for speeding at 8 mph (13 km/h), thereby exceeding the contemporary speed limit of 2 mph (3.2 km/h).

1901–present[]

  • 1902 – The Carnegie Institution of Washington is founded in Washington, D.C. with a $10 million gift from Andrew Carnegie.
  • 1908 – Members of the Portuguese Republican Party fail in their attempted coup d'état against the administrative dictatorship of Prime Minister João Franco.
  • 1909 – United States troops leave Cuba, with the exception of Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, after being there since the Spanish–American War.
  • 1915 – An act of the U.S. Congress creates the United States Coast Guard as a branch of the United States Armed Forces.
  • 1918Finnish Civil War: The Red Guard rebels seize control of the capital, Helsinki; members of the Senate of Finland go underground.
  • 1920 – Foundation of the Spanish Legion.
  • 1922Knickerbocker Storm: Washington, D.C.'s biggest snowfall, causes a disaster when the roof of the Knickerbocker Theatre collapses, killing over 100 people.[10]
  • 1932 – Japanese forces attack Shanghai.
  • 1933 – The name Pakistan is coined by Choudhry Rahmat Ali Khan and is accepted by Indian Muslims who then thereby adopted it further for the Pakistan Movement seeking independence.
  • 1935Iceland becomes the first Western country to legalize therapeutic abortion.
  • 1938 – The World Land Speed Record on a public road is broken by Rudolf Caracciola in the Mercedes-Benz W195 at a speed of 432.7 kilometres per hour (268.9 mph).
  • 1941Franco-Thai War: Final air battle of the conflict. A Japanese-mediated armistice goes into effect later in the day.
  • 1945World War II: Supplies begin to reach the Republic of China over the newly reopened Burma Road.
  • 1956Elvis Presley makes his first national television appearance.
  • 1958 – The Lego company patents the design of its Lego bricks, still compatible with bricks produced today.
  • 1960 – The National Football League announces expansion teams for Dallas to start in the 1960 NFL season and Minneapolis-St. Paul for the 1961 NFL season.
  • 1964 – An unarmed United States Air Force T-39 Sabreliner on a training mission is shot down over Erfurt, East Germany, by a Soviet MiG-19.
  • 1965 – The current design of the Flag of Canada is chosen by an act of Parliament.
  • 1977 – The first day of the Great Lakes Blizzard of 1977, which dumps 10 feet (3.0 m) of snow in one day in Upstate New York. Buffalo, Syracuse, Watertown, and surrounding areas are most affected.
  • 1980USCGC Blackthorn collides with the tanker Capricorn while leaving Tampa, Florida and capsizes, killing 23 Coast Guard crewmembers.
  • 1981Ronald Reagan lifts remaining domestic petroleum price and allocation controls in the United States, helping to end the 1979 energy crisis and begin the 1980s oil glut.
  • 1982US Army general James L. Dozier is rescued by Italian anti-terrorism forces from captivity by the Red Brigades.
  • 1984Tropical Storm Domoina makes landfall in southern Mozambique, eventually causing 214 deaths and some of the most severe flooding so far recorded in the region.
  • 1985 – Supergroup USA for Africa (United Support of Artists for Africa) records the hit single We Are the World, to help raise funds for Ethiopian famine relief.
  • 1986Space Shuttle program: STS-51-L mission: Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrates after liftoff, killing all seven astronauts on board.[11]
  • 1988 – In R v Morgentaler the Supreme Court of Canada strikes down all anti-abortion laws.
  • 2002TAME Flight 120, a Boeing 727-100, crashes in the Andes mountains in southern Colombia, killing 94.
  • 2006 – The roof of one of the buildings at the Katowice International Fair in Poland collapses due to the weight of snow, killing 65 and injuring more than 170 others.
  • 2021 – A nitrogen leak at a poultry food processing facility in Gainesville, Georgia kills six and injures at least ten.[12]

Births[]

Pre-1600[]

  • 1312Joan II, queen of Navarre (d. 1349)[13]
  • 1368Razadarit, king of Hanthawaddy (d. 1421)[14]
  • 1457Henry VII, king of England (d. 1509)[15]
  • 1533Paul Luther, German scientist (d. 1593)[16]
  • 1540Ludolph van Ceulen, German-Dutch mathematician and academic (d. 1610)[17]
  • 1582John Barclay, French-Scottish poet and author (d. 1621)[18]
  • 1600Clement IX, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1669)[19]

1601–1900[]

  • 1608Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, Italian physiologist and physicist (d. 1679)[20]
  • 1611Johannes Hevelius, Polish astronomer and politician (d. 1687)[21]
  • 1622Adrien Auzout, French astronomer and instrument maker (d. 1691)
  • 1693Gregor Werner, Austrian composer (d. 1766)
  • 1701Charles Marie de La Condamine, French mathematician and geographer (d. 1774)
  • 1706John Baskerville, English printer and typographer (d. 1775)
  • 1712Tokugawa Ieshige, Japanese shōgun (d. 1761)
  • 1717Mustafa III, Ottoman sultan (d. 1774)
  • 1719Johann Elias Schlegel, German poet and critic (d. 1749)
  • 1726 – Christian Felix Weiße, German poet and playwright (d. 1802)
  • 1755Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring, Polish-German physician, anthropologist, and paleontologist (d. 1830)
  • 1784George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, Scottish politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1860)
  • 1797Charles Gray Round, English lawyer and politician (d. 1867)
  • 1818George S. Boutwell, American lawyer and politician, 28th United States Secretary of the Treasury (d. 1905)
  • 1822Alexander Mackenzie, Scottish-Canadian politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1892)[22]
  • 1833Charles George Gordon, English general and politician (d. 1885)
  • 1853José Martí, Cuban journalist, poet, and theorist (d. 1895)
  • 1853 – Vladimir Solovyov, Russian philosopher, poet, and critic (d. 1900)
  • 1855William Seward Burroughs I, American businessman, founded the Burroughs Corporation (d. 1898)
  • 1858Tannatt William Edgeworth David, Welsh-Australian geologist and explorer (d. 1934)
  • 1861Julián Felipe, Filipino composer and educator (d. 1944)
  • 1863Ernest William Christmas, Australian-American painter (d. 1918)
  • 1864Charles W. Nash, American businessman, founded Nash Motors (d. 1948)
  • 1865Lala Lajpat Rai, Indian author and politician (d. 1928)
  • 1865 – Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, Finnish lawyer, judge, and politician, 1st President of Finland (d. 1952)
  • 1873Colette, French novelist and journalist (d. 1954)
  • 1873 – Monty Noble, Australian cricketer (d. 1940)
  • 1874Alex Smith, Scottish golfer (d. 1930)
  • 1875Julián Carrillo, Mexican violinist, composer, and conductor (d. 1965)
  • 1878Walter Kollo, German composer and conductor (d. 1940)
  • 1880Herbert Strudwick, English cricketer and coach (d. 1970)
  • 1884Auguste Piccard, Swiss physicist and explorer (d. 1962)
  • 1885Vahan Terian, Armenian poet and activist (d. 1920)
  • 1886Marthe Bibesco, Romanian-French author and poet (d. 1973)[23]
  • 1886 – Hidetsugu Yagi, Japanese engineer and academic (d. 1976)
  • 1887Arthur Rubinstein, Polish-American pianist and educator (d. 1982)
  • 1897Valentin Kataev, Russian author and playwright (d. 1986)
  • 1900Alice Neel, American painter (d. 1984)

1901–present[]

  • 1903Aleksander Kamiński, Polish author and educator (d. 1978)
  • 1903 – Kathleen Lonsdale, Irish crystallographer and 1st female FRS (d. 1971)[24]
  • 1906Pat O'Callaghan, Irish athlete (d. 1991)[25]
  • 1906 – Markos Vafiadis, Greek general and politician (d. 1992)
  • 1908Paul Misraki, Turkish-French composer and historian (d. 1998)
  • 1909John Thomson, Scottish footballer (d. 1931)
  • 1910John Banner, Austrian actor (d. 1973)
  • 1911Johan van Hulst, Dutch politician, academic and author, Yad Vashem recipient (d. 2018)
  • 1912Jackson Pollock, American painter (d. 1956)
  • 1918Harry Corbett, English puppeteer, actor, and screenwriter (d. 1989)
  • 1918 – Trevor Skeet, New Zealand-English lawyer and politician (d. 2004)
  • 1919Gabby Gabreski, American colonel and pilot (d. 2002)
  • 1921Vytautas Norkus, Lithuanian–American basketball player (d. 2014)
  • 1922Anna Gordy Gaye, American songwriter and producer, co-founded Anna Records (d. 2014)
  • 1922 – Robert W. Holley, American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1993)
  • 1924Marcel Broodthaers, Belgian painter and poet (d. 1976)
  • 1925Raja Ramanna, Indian physicist and politician (d. 2004)
  • 1926Jimmy Bryan, American race car driver (d. 1960)
  • 1927Per Oscarsson, Swedish actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2010)
  • 1927 – Ronnie Scott, English saxophonist (d. 1996)
  • 1927 – Hiroshi Teshigahara, Japanese director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2001)
  • 1927 – Vera Williams, American author and illustrator (d. 2015)
  • 1929Acker Bilk, English singer and clarinet player (d. 2014)
  • 1929 – Nikolai Parshin, Russian footballer and manager (d. 2012)
  • 1929 – Claes Oldenburg, Swedish-American sculptor and illustrator
  • 1929 – Edith M. Flanigen, American chemist
  • 1930Kurt Biedenkopf, German academic and politician, 54th President of the German Bundesrat (d. 2021)
  • 1930 – Roy Clarke, English screenwriter, comedian and soldier
  • 1933Jack Hill, American director and screenwriter
  • 1934Juan Manuel Bordeu, Argentinian race car driver (d. 1990)
  • 1935David Lodge, English author and critic
  • 1936Alan Alda, American actor, director, and writer
  • 1936 – Ismail Kadare, Albanian novelist, poet, essayist, and playwright[26]
  • 1937Karel Čáslavský, Czech historian and television host (d. 2013)
  • 1938Tomas Lindahl, Swedish-English biologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
  • 1938 – Leonid Zhabotinsky, Ukrainian weightlifter and coach (d. 2016)
  • 1939John M. Fabian, American colonel, pilot, and astronaut
  • 1940Carlos Slim, Mexican businessman and philanthropist, founded Grupo Carso
  • 1942Sjoukje Dijkstra, Dutch figure skater
  • 1942 – Erkki Pohjanheimo, Finnish director and producer
  • 1943Dick Taylor, English guitarist and songwriter
  • 1944Rosalía Mera, Spanish businesswoman, co-founded Inditex and Zara (d. 2013)
  • 1944 – John Tavener, English composer (d. 2013)[27]
  • 1945Marthe Keller, Swiss actress and director
  • 1947Jeanne Shaheen, American educator and politician, 78th Governor of New Hampshire
  • 1948Bob Moses, American drummer
  • 1948 – Charles Taylor, Liberian politician, 22nd President of Liberia
  • 1949Mike Moore, New Zealand union leader and politician, 34th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 2020)[28]
  • 1949 – Jim Wong-Chu, Canadian poet (d.2017)[29]
  • 1949 – Gregg Popovich, American basketball player and coach
  • 1950Barbi Benton, American actress, singer and model
  • 1950 – Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, Bahraini king
  • 1950 – David C. Hilmers, American colonel, physician, and astronaut
  • 1950 – Naila Kabeer, Bangladeshi-English economist and academic
  • 1951Brian Bilbray, American politician
  • 1951 – Leonid Kadeniuk, Ukrainian general, pilot, and astronaut (d. 2018)
  • 1951 – Billy Bass Nelson, American R&B/funk bass player
  • 1952Richard Glatzer, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2015)
  • 1953Colin Campbell, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
  • 1954Peter Lampe, German theologian and historian
  • 1954 – Bruno Metsu, French footballer and manager (d. 2013)
  • 1954 – Rick Warren, American pastor and author
  • 1955Vinod Khosla, Indian-American businessman, co-founded Sun Microsystems
  • 1955 – Nicolas Sarkozy, French lawyer and politician, 23rd President of France
  • 1956Richard Danielpour, American composer and educator
  • 1956 – Peter Schilling, German singer-songwriter
  • 1957Mark Napier, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster
  • 1957 – Nick Price, Zimbabwean-South African golfer
  • 1957 – Frank Skinner, English comedian, actor, and author
  • 1959Frank Darabont, American director and producer
  • 1960Loren Legarda, Filipino journalist and politician
  • 1961Normand Rochefort, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
  • 1962Sam Phillips, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
  • 1964David Lawrence, English cricketer
  • 1966Seiji Mizushima, Japanese director and producer
  • 1967Billy Brownless, Australian footballer and sportscaster
  • 1968Sarah McLachlan, Canadian singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer
  • 1968 – Rakim, American rapper[30]
  • 1969Giorgio Lamberti, Italian swimmer
  • 1969 – Mo Rocca, American comedian and television journalist
  • 1969 – Linda Sánchez, American lawyer and politician
  • 1972Amy Coney Barrett, American jurist, academic, attorney, and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States[31]
  • 1972 – Mark Regan, English rugby player
  • 1972 – Nicky Southall, English footballer and manager
  • 1972 – Léon van Bon, Dutch cyclist
  • 1974Tony Delk, American basketball player and coach
  • 1974 – Jermaine Dye, American baseball player
  • 1974 – Ramsey Nasr, Dutch author and poet
  • 1974 – Magglio Ordóñez, Venezuelan baseball player and politician
  • 1975Pedro Pinto, Portuguese-American journalist
  • 1975 – Junior Spivey, American baseball player and coach
  • 1976Sireli Bobo, Fijian rugby player
  • 1976 – Mark Madsen, American basketball player and coach
  • 1976 – Rick Ross, American rapper and producer
  • 1976 – Miltiadis Sapanis, Greek footballer
  • 1977Sandis Buškevics, Latvian basketball player and coach
  • 1977 – Daunte Culpepper, American football player
  • 1977 – Joey Fatone, American singer, dancer, and television personality
  • 1977 – Takuma Sato, Japanese race car driver
  • 1978Gianluigi Buffon, Italian footballer
  • 1978 – Jamie Carragher, English footballer and sportscaster
  • 1978 – Papa Bouba Diop, Senegalese footballer (d. 2020)
  • 1978 – Sheamus, Irish wrestler[32]
  • 1978 – Big Freedia, American musician[33]
  • 1980Nick Carter, American singer-songwriter and actor
  • 1980 – Yasuhito Endō, Japanese footballer
  • 1980 – Michael Hastings, American journalist and author (d. 2013)
  • 1980 – Brian Fallon, American singer-songwriter
  • 1981Elijah Wood, American actor and producer
  • 1984Ben Clucas, English race car driver
  • 1984 – Stephen Gostkowski, American football player
  • 1984 – Andre Iguodala, American basketball player
  • 1984 – Anne Panter, English field hockey player
  • 1985J. Cole, American singer
  • 1985 – Daniel Carcillo, Canadian ice hockey player
  • 1985 – Lauris Dārziņš, Latvian ice hockey player
  • 1985 – Arnold Mvuemba, French footballer
  • 1985 – Libby Trickett, Australian swimmer
  • 1986Jessica Ennis-Hill, English heptathlete and hurdler[34]
  • 1986 – Nathan Outteridge, Australian sailor
  • 1986 – Asad Shafiq, Pakistani cricketer
  • 1988Paul Henry, English footballer
  • 1988 – Seiya Sanada, Japanese wrestler
  • 1989Siem de Jong, Dutch footballer[35]
  • 1991Carl Klingberg, Swedish ice hockey player[36]
  • 1992Sergio Araujo, Argentinian footballer[37]
  • 1995Mimi-Isabella Cesar, British rhythmic gymnast[38]

Deaths[]

Pre-1600[]

  • 0724Yazid II, Umayyad caliph (b. 687)[39]
  • 0814Charlemagne, Holy Roman emperor (pleurisy;[40] b. 742)
  • 0919Zhou Dewei, Chinese general
  • 0929Gao Jixing, founder of Chinese Jingnan (b. 858)
  • 0947Jing Yanguang, Chinese general (b. 892)
  • 1061Spytihněv II, Duke of Bohemia (b. 1031)
  • 1142Yue Fei, Chinese general (b. 1103)[41]
  • 1256William II, Count of Holland, King of Germany (b. 1227)
  • 1271Isabella of Aragon, Queen of France (b. 1247)[42]
  • 1290Dervorguilla of Galloway, Scottish noble, mother of king John Balliol of Scotland (b. c. 1210)[43]
  • 1443Robert le Maçon, French diplomat (b. 1365)
  • 1501John Dynham, 1st Baron Dynham, English baron and Lord High Treasurer (b. 1433)[44]
  • 1547Henry VIII, king of England (b. 1491)[45]

1601–1900[]

  • 1613Thomas Bodley, English diplomat and scholar, founded the Bodleian Library (b. 1545)
  • 1621Pope Paul V (b. 1550)
  • 1666Tommaso Dingli, Maltese architect and sculptor (b. 1591)
  • 1672Pierre Séguier, French politician, Lord Chancellor of France (b. 1588)
  • 1681Richard Allestree, English priest and academic (b. 1619)
  • 1687Johannes Hevelius, Polish astronomer and politician (b. 1611)
  • 1688Ferdinand Verbiest, Flemish Jesuit missionary in China (b. 1623)
  • 1697Sir John Fenwick, 3rd Baronet, English general and politician (b. 1645)
  • 1754Ludvig Holberg, Norwegian-Danish historian and philosopher (b. 1684)
  • 1782Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville, French geographer and cartographer (b. 1697)
  • 1832Augustin Daniel Belliard, French general (b. 1769)
  • 1859F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich, English politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1782)
  • 1864Émile Clapeyron, French physicist and engineer (b. 1799)
  • 1873John Hart, English-Australian politician, 10th Premier of South Australia (b. 1809)[46]

1901–present[]

  • 1903Augusta Holmès, French pianist and composer (b. 1847)
  • 1912Gustave de Molinari, Belgian economist and theorist (b. 1819).
  • 1912 – Eloy Alfaro, former president of Ecuador (b. 1906)
  • 1918John McCrae, Canadian soldier, physician, and author (b. 1872)
  • 1921Mustafa Suphi, Turkish journalist and politician (b. 1883)
  • 1930Emmy Destinn, Czech soprano and poet (b. 1878)
  • 1935Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov, Russian composer and conductor (b. 1859)
  • 1937Anastasios Metaxas, Greek architect and target shooter (b. 1862)
  • 1938Bernd Rosemeyer, German race car driver (b. 1909)
  • 1939W. B. Yeats, Irish poet and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1865)
  • 1942Edward Siegler, American gymnast and triathlete (b. 1881)
  • 1945Roza Shanina, Russian sergeant and sniper (b. 1924)
  • 1947Reynaldo Hahn, Venezuelan-French composer, conductor, and critic (b. 1875)
  • 1948Hans Aumeier, German SS officer (b. 1906)
  • 1949Jean-Pierre Wimille, French race car driver (b. 1908)
  • 1950Nikolai Luzin, Russian mathematician and academic (b. 1883)
  • 1953James Scullin, Australian journalist and politician, 9th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1876)
  • 1953 – Neyzen Tevfik, Turkish philosopher and poet (b. 1879)
  • 1959Walter Beall, American baseball player (b. 1899)
  • 1960Zora Neale Hurston, American novelist, short story writer, and folklorist (b. 1891)
  • 1963Gustave Garrigou, French cyclist (b. 1884)
  • 1965Tich Freeman, English cricketer (b. 1888)
  • 1965 – Maxime Weygand, Belgian-French general (b. 1867)
  • 1971Donald Winnicott, English paediatrician and psychoanalyst (b. 1896)
  • 1973John Banner, Austrian actor (b. 1910)
  • 1976Marcel Broodthaers, Belgian painter and poet (b. 1924)
  • 1978Ward Moore, American author (b. 1903)
  • 1983Billy Fury. English pop star (b. 1940)
  • 1983 – Frank Forde, Australian educator and politician, 15th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1890)
  • 1986Space Shuttle Challenger crew
    • Gregory Jarvis, American captain, engineer, and astronaut (b. 1944)[11]
    • Christa McAuliffe, American educator and astronaut (b. 1948)[11]
    • Ronald McNair, American physicist and astronaut (b. 1950)[11]
    • Ellison Onizuka, American engineer and astronaut (b. 1946)[11]
    • Judith Resnik, American colonel, engineer, and astronaut (b. 1949)[11]
    • Dick Scobee, American colonel, pilot, and astronaut (b. 1939)[11]
    • Michael J. Smith, American captain, pilot, and astronaut (b. 1945)[11]
  • 1988Klaus Fuchs, German physicist and politician (b. 1911)
  • 1989Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama (b. 1938)
  • 1993Helen Sawyer Hogg, Canadian astronomer and academic (b. 1905)[47]
  • 1996Joseph Brodsky, Russian-American poet and essayist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1940)
  • 1996 – Burne Hogarth, American cartoonist and author (b. 1911)
  • 1996 – Jerry Siegel, American author and illustrator, co-created Superman (b. 1914)
  • 1998Shotaro Ishinomori, Japanese author and illustrator (b. 1938)
  • 1999Valery Gavrilin, Russian composer (b. 1939)
  • 2001Ranko Marinković, Croatian author and playwright (b. 1913)
  • 2002Gustaaf Deloor, Belgian cyclist and soldier (b. 1913)
  • 2002 – Astrid Lindgren, Swedish author and screenwriter (b. 1907)
  • 2002 – Ayşe Nur Zarakolu, Turkish author and activist (b. 1946)
  • 2003Mieke Pullen, Dutch runner (b. 1957)
  • 2004Lloyd M. Bucher, American captain (b. 1927)
  • 2004 – Mel Pritchard, English drummer (b. 1948)
  • 2005Jim Capaldi, English singer-songwriter and drummer (b. 1944)
  • 2007Carlo Clerici, Swiss cyclist (b. 1929)
  • 2007 – Robert Drinan, American priest, lawyer, and politician (b. 1920)
  • 2007 – Yelena Romanova, Russian runner (b. 1963)
  • 2007 – Karel Svoboda, Czech composer (b. 1938)
  • 2009Billy Powell, American keyboard player and songwriter (b. 1952)
  • 2012Roman Juszkiewicz, Polish astronomer and astrophysicist (b. 1952)
  • 2012 – Don Starkell, Canadian adventurer and author (b. 1932)
  • 2013Florentino Fernández, Cuban-American boxer and coach (b. 1936)
  • 2013 – Hattie N. Harrison, American educator and politician (b. 1928)
  • 2013 – Oldřich Kulhánek, Czech painter, illustrator, and stage designer (b. 1940)
  • 2014John Cacavas, American composer and conductor (b. 1930)
  • 2014 – Harry Gamble, American football player, coach, and manager (b. 1930)
  • 2014 – Dwight Gustafson, American composer and conductor (b. 1930)
  • 2014 – Nigel Jenkins, Welsh poet, journalist, and geographer (b. 1949)
  • 2014 – Jorge Obeid, Argentinian engineer and politician, Governor of Santa Fe (b. 1947)
  • 2015Suraj Abdurrahman, Nigerian general, architect, and engineer (b. 1954)
  • 2015 – Yves Chauvin, French chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1930)
  • 2015 – Lionel Gilbert, Australian historian, author, and academic (b. 1924)
  • 2016Signe Toly Anderson, American singer (b. 1941)
  • 2016 – Paul Kantner, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1941)
  • 2016 – Franklin Gene Bissell, American football player and coach (b. 1926)
  • 2016 – Buddy Cianci, American lawyer and politician, 32nd Mayor of Providence (b. 1941)
  • 2016 – Bob Tizard, New Zealand lawyer and politician, 6th Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1924)
  • 2017Alexander Chancellor, British journalist (b. 1940)
  • 2017 – Geoff Nicholls, British musician (b. 1948)
  • 2019Pepe Smith, Filipino rock musician (b. 1947)[48]
  • 2021Cicely Tyson, American actress (b. 1924)[49]

Holidays and observances[]

References[]

  1. ^ Legrand, Jacques (1989). Chronicle of the World. Ecam Publication. p. 222. ISBN 0-13-133463-8.
  2. ^ Butt, John J. (2002). Daily Life in the Age of Charlemagne. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-313-31668-5.
  3. ^ Stenton, Frank (1971). Anglo-Saxon England Third Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 602. ISBN 0-19-821716-1.
  4. ^ "The Walk to Canossa: The Tale of an Emperor and a Pope". Medievalists.net. 4 August 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  5. ^ Kurtz, Johann Heinrich (1875). Text Book of Church History. Smith, English & Company. p. 39.
  6. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland. 10. Edinburgh. 1936. p. 464.
  7. ^ Lunt, James (1 March 1993). Scarlet Lancers: The story of the 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers 1689-1992. Pen and Sword. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-85052-321-8.
  8. ^ Library of Universal Knowledge: A Reprint of the Last (1880) Edinburgh and London Edition of Chambers's Encyclopaedia. S.W. Green's Son. 1882. p. 230.
  9. ^ Schwebel, Sara (30 October 2001). Kaplan Yale Daily News Guide to Summer Programs. Kaplan. p. x. ISBN 978-0-7432-1426-1.
  10. ^ United States. Weather Bureau (1949). The Climatic Handbook for Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 16.
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