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Khojaly (town)

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Khojaly / Ivanyan

Xocalı / Իվանյան
Panorama of Khojaly
Panorama of Khojaly
Khojaly / Ivanyan is located in Republic of Artsakh
Khojaly / Ivanyan
Khojaly / Ivanyan
Coordinates: 39°54′40″N 46°47′21″E / 39.91111°N 46.78917°E / 39.91111; 46.78917Coordinates: 39°54′40″N 46°47′21″E / 39.91111°N 46.78917°E / 39.91111; 46.78917
Country Azerbaijan (de jure)
 Artsakh (de facto)
DistrictKhojaly (de jure)
ProvinceAskeran (de facto)
Elevation
570 m (1,870 ft)
Population
 (2015)[1]
 • Total1,397
Time zoneUTC+4 (UTC)

Khojaly (Azerbaijani: Xocalı, About this soundlisten (help·info); Armenian: Խոջալու, romanized: Khojalu) or Ivanyan (Armenian: Իվանյան) is a town de facto in the Askeran Province of the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh, de jure in the Khojaly District of Azerbaijan. Stepanakert Airport is located to the immediate south of the town.

The town was the second largest Azerbaijani town in the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast until the exodus of its population during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.[2][3]

Toponymy

The Azerbaijani name of the town, Khojaly, derives from khoja (xoca),[4] which is the Azerbaijani spelling of the Persian word khawaja, meaning master.[5]

In 2001 the settlement was renamed Ivanyan by Artsakh, after the late general of the Artsakh Defence Army, Kristapor Ivanyan.[6]

History

According to the Caucasian Calendar for 1910, in 1908, Khojaly had 184 Tatar (Azerbaijani) inhabitants.[7] According to the Caucasian Calendar for 1912, Khojaly had 172 Tatar (Azerbaijani) and 52 Russian inhabitants.[8]

During the Soviet period, Khojaly was a village in the Askeran District of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast.

As the First Nagorno-Karabakh War started, the Azerbaijani government began to implement a plan to create a new district center. From 1988 to 1990 the population of Khojaly increased from 2,135 to 6,000 residents, mostly consisting of immigrants from Soviet Central Asia (including more than 2,000 Meskhetian Turks) and immigrants from Armenia (about 2,000). In April 1990 the Azerbaijani government abolished the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast and its internal divisions. Khojaly was given city status and became the regional center for the newly created Khojaly District composed of the former Askeran District and part of the Martuni District.[9][10]

The town had 6,300 Azerbaijani inhabitants in 1991.[3] Most of the inhabitants fled during the town's capture by ethnic Armenian forces in 1992 during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War and hundreds were killed in the Khojaly massacre. The town subsequently became part of the Askeran Province of the Republic of Artsakh and was settled by Armenians. The town had 908 inhabitants in 2005,[11] and 1,397 inhabitants in 2015.[1]

Khojaly massacre

Main article: Khojaly massacre

Khojaly was captured by Armenian forces on 26 February 1992 during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. The Khojaly massacre of February 1992, was the mass murder[12] of more than 200 ethnic Azerbaijani civilians in Khojaly on 26 February 1992. The massacre was committed by the Armenian armed forces,[13][14] as well as some military personnel of the 366th Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) regiment who were not acting on orders from their command.[15][16] The death toll reported by Azerbaijani authorities is 613 civilians, including 106 women and 63 children.[17] Autopsies by the International Committee for the Red Cross indicated that numerous dead bodies were mutilated.[18] Former President of Armenia, Serzh Sargsyan, who also was the leader of the “Nagorno-Karabakh Forces Committee” during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, in an interview with British author Thomas de Waal stated the following regarding the Khojaly massacre:

Before Khojali, the Azerbaijanis thought that they were joking with us, they thought that the Armenians were people who could not raise their hand against the civilian population. We were able to break that [stereotype]. And that's what happened.[18]

The event became the largest massacre in the course of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.[19]

International relations

In February 2010, the Azeri-Czech Society reported that representatives of the Azeri administration of Khojaly in exile and the Czech town of Lidice were to sign an agreement making Khojaly and Lidice sister cities and that a street in Lidice was to be named "Khojaly".[20][21][22] In March 2012, reports quoted the mayor of Lidice, Veronika Kellerova, as officially stating that Lidice and Khojaly had never been sister cities. She further repudiated reports that there exists a street named Khojaly in Lidice.[23]

Gallery

  • Panorama

  • Playground

  • Kindergarten

  • School in the town

  • Mausoleum

  • Panorama

  • Monument

  • Scenery

  • Wine factory

  • Sign in Armenian at the entrance of the town

References

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b Hakob Ghahramanyan. "Directory of socio-economic characteristics of NKR administrative-territorial units (2015)".
  2. ^ Андрей Зубов. "Андрей Зубов. Карабах: Мир и Война". drugoivzgliad.com.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b "ДОКЛАД ПРАВОЗАЩИТНОГО ЦЕНТРА «МЕМОРИАЛ» О МАССОВЫХ НАРУШЕНИЯХ ПРАВ ЧЕЛОВЕКА, СВЯЗАННЫХ С ЗАНЯТИЕМ НАСЕЛЕННОГО ПУНКТА ХОДЖАЛЫ В НОЧЬ С 25 НА 26 ФЕВРАЛЯ 1992 г. ВООРУЖЕННЫМИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯМИ" (PDF). memohrc.org. Memorial. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  4. ^ Ashyrly, Akif (2005). Türkün Xocalı soyqırımı (PDF) (in Azerbaijani). Baku: Nurlan. p. 12. "Xoca" türkcə ağ-saqqal, "böyük" mənasını daşıyaraq hörmət əlamətini bildirir
  5. ^ Potter, Lawrence G., ed. (2014). The Persian Gulf in Modern Times. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. doi:10.1057/9781137485779. ISBN 978-1-349-50380-3.
  6. ^ "Karabakh Marks Ten Years Of 'Independence'". azatutyun.am.
  7. ^ Кавказский календарь на 1910 год. Part IV. P. 398.
  8. ^ "Просмотр документа – dlib.rsl.ru". rsl.ru.
  9. ^ Доклад общества «Мемориал» (Memorial). Независимая газета, 18 June 1992
  10. ^ "Карабахские депутаты: Ходжалу стал жертвой политических интриг и борьбы за власть в Азербайджане – ИА REGNUM". regnum.ru.
  11. ^ "The Results of the 2005 Census of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic" (PDF). National Statistic Service of the Republic of Artsakh.
  12. ^ de Waal, Thomas (2004). Black garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through peace and war. ABC-CLIO. pp. 172–173. ISBN 0-8147-1945-7. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016.
  13. ^ "New York Times – massacre by Armenians Being Reported". Commonwealth of Independent States; Azerbaijan; Khojaly (Armenia); Armenia: Select.nytimes.com. 3 March 1992. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  14. ^ Smolowe, Jill (16 March 1992). "TIME Magazine – Tragedy Massacre in Khojaly". Time.com. Archived from the original on 28 February 2005. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  15. ^ Bloodshed in the Caucasus: escalation of the armed conflict in Nagorno Karabakh, vol. 1245 of Human rights documents, Human Rights Watch, 1992, p. 24
  16. ^ Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus By Svante E. Cornell
  17. ^ "Letter dated 26 February 2015 from the Permanent Representative of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the United Nations Office at Geneva addressed to the President of the Human Rights Council". Archived from the original on 11 January 2016.
  18. ^ Jump up to: a b Cornell, Svante E. (2011). Azerbaijan Since Independence. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. p. 62. ISBN 9781317476214. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  19. ^ Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (1994). Azerbaijan: Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. New York [u.a.]: Human Rights Watch. p. 6. ISBN 1-56432-142-8. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
  20. ^ "Khojaly to be twinned with Czech Lidice". Trend News Agency. 2010-02-22. Archived from the original on 2010-02-24. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
  21. ^ "A street in Lidice, Czechia to be named after Khojaly". Azerbaijan Press Agency. 2010-02-22. Archived from the original on October 27, 2011. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
  22. ^ Asya Chekanova (2010-03-09). "Лидице стали побратимами Ходжалы. Армения против" [Lidice twinned with Khojaly. Armenia is against]. Český Rozhlas. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
  23. ^ "Mayor Veronika Kellerova: Lidice, Khojaly not sister cities, no street named Khojaly in Lidice". Panorama.am. Retrieved 2 March 2012.

External links

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