Sedition Caucus
| 2021 United States Capitol attack |
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| Timeline of events |
| Background |
| Participants |
| Aftermath |
In American politics, "Sedition Caucus", "Treason Caucus",[1][2] or "Seditious Caucus"[3] is a pejorative term for the Republican members of the 117th United States Congress who voted against the certification of Joe Biden's victory in the 2020 presidential election in either Arizona or Pennsylvania. The vote occurred hours after rioters supporting incumbent president Donald Trump stormed the Capitol building to disrupt the vote. The term, referring to a Congressional caucus, does not refer to a formal group. Rather, it implies that members of Congress who voted to object are in favor of or guilty of sedition, and had a direct or indirect role in the Capitol storming.[citation needed] It originated with the media, and has been used by Republicans' political opponents, but also by scholars.
While the term was originally used to describe those members of Congress who voted against the certification of the electoral vote in the 2020 presidential election, its usage has since become somewhat broader (but still related to the aftermath of the 2021 Capitol attack): e.g. it was used to describe the senators who voted against the second impeachment of Donald Trump.
Origins and usage[]
Historical context[]
Before the Electoral College certification vote, Trump had attempted to overturn the results of the election for two months, promoting the Stop the Steal conspiracy theory that he had won, and filing dozens of failed lawsuits at the state level. On December 2, 2020, Politico reported that Representative Mo Brooks of Alabama was planning to object to the counting of the electoral votes from several states won by Biden.[4] On December 30, 2020, Senator Josh Hawley of Missouri became the first senator to announce he would object to the vote certification, meaning the objection would need to be considered by Congress.[5]
Following the Capitol riot, several Republican members of Congress who had previously said they would object, including Senator Kelly Loeffler of Georgia, who had announced her intention to object at a campaign rally with Trump, chose not to do so.[6] In April, Representative Liz Cheney, a Republican who did not vote to object to Biden's win, said she was considering a presidential run and thought objecting should be seen as "disqualifying" for other presumptive Republican nominees, "particularly the senators who led the unconstitutional charge".[7]
Reactions to the objections[]
Media and emergence of the term[]
Even before the Capitol riot, some political commentators began using the term "Sedition Caucus". One of the earliest known uses of the term is from an Orlando Sentinel editorial on December 31, which noted that "about a dozen senators declared they're joining what's disparagingly being called the Sedition Caucus to overturn the election, despite Majority Leader Mitch McConnell's warnings against such a move."[8] Another early use of the term is by CNN host Jake Tapper on January 3, who said "Senator Ben Sasse of Nebraska slammed Hawley and others of the Sedition Caucus saying, 'adults don't point a loaded gun at the legitimate government.'"[9][10] The next day, The Atlantic published a column by Tom Nichols where he used the term, referencing Tapper.[11] In a January 5 column titled "A really bad day for the 'Sedition Caucus'", conservative political columnist Jennifer Rubin used the term to refer to the group of senators, calling them "the 'Sedition Caucus' — or the 'Dirty Dozen,' if you prefer."[a][12]
The term's use is highly critical. Conservative columnist Max Boot compared Sedition Caucus members to Senator Joseph McCarthy, and argued that they should similarly "see their careers crash and burn."[14] Rubin argued that the senators should be expelled from the Senate or removed from the Republican caucus and Senators Ted Cruz, Josh Hawley and John Kennedy should be disbarred, and that members of the House should be primaried or face third party opponents.[13] Some members of the Sedition Caucus have faced calls for their resignation.[15]
Political opponents[]
In February, a Democratic super PAC called the Sedition Caucus PAC was formed to pursue negative campaigning against House Republicans in swing districts.[16]
In June 2021, Democratic U.S. Representative Gerry Connolly used the term, saying he thought McCarthy "would probably appoint people from the Sedition Caucus" to a proposed January 6 commission.[17]
Scholars[]
Scholars have also used the term, when analyzing the Republicans' objections as a norm-breaking political phenomenon. Political scientist Sarah Binder noted that the majority of Sedition Caucus members come from very red districts, while Republicans in swing districts mostly voted against the objection.[18] Binder also noted a divide between Senate Republican leadership, which overwhelmingly voted against the objection, and House Republican leadership, which overwhelmingly voted in favor of it, arguing that House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy "led the Sedition Caucus" and attracted Republican votes to object.[18]
Political scientist Hans Noel said he believed the Sedition Caucus and their "progenitors" come from a common strain of racism, comparing their beliefs to Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories, Shelby County v. Holder, poll taxes, literacy tests, and white primaries.[19] Michael Latner, a political scientist with the Union of Concerned Scientists, argued that the Sedition Caucus showed the need for legislation aimed at curbing political power, such as the For the People Act and a renewal of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, as well as additional political parties and different voting systems.[20]
Impact on political donations[]
The outcry on the part of the public in reaction to the objecting votes influenced donors' willingness to fund those Republican candidates who became associated with the Sedition Caucus. On January 11, several major corporations pulled political funding for candidates who objected to Biden's victory.[21] However, according to a Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW) report in June 2021, many of the corporations which had stopped donations after January 11 resumed them later in the year, with Toyota giving more than double that of the second-highest donor, Cubic Corporation.[22][23] On January 21, The Lincoln Project, a conservative but anti-Trump political action committee, announced it would begin targeting the Sedition Caucus in advertisements.[24] On January 21, the progressive advocacy group Public Citizen published a report finding that Big Tech companies and employees had given nearly $2 million to Sedition Caucus members since 2016.[25][26] On January 27, Public Citizen published a similar report finding that fossil fuel companies and executives had donated $8.8 million to Sedition Caucus members.[27]
In July 2021, Toyota announced it would no longer donate to members of Congress who voted against certifying the 2020 election.[28]
Other uses[]
Following the events at the U.S. Capitol, the editorial board of The Capital Times, a newspaper in Madison, Wisconsin, argued that the Wisconsin Legislature has its own Sedition Caucus, referencing 15 state legislators who signed a letter to Vice President Mike Pence asking him to reject the Electoral College vote certification.[29]
After Trump's second impeachment trial, John Nichols used the term to instead describe the 43 Republican senators who voted not to convict Trump.[30]
Members of Congress described by the term[]
A total of 147 members of Congress voted in some form to invalidate the electoral college vote count of the 2020 presidential election: 139 in the House of Representatives, and 8 in the Senate.
Senate[]
The eight Republican senators who would be part of the Sedition Caucus by the original definition include:[31]
| Portrait | Name | State | Party | Voted to reject the electoral votes from | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arizona | Pennsylvania | |||||
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Ted Cruz | Texas | Republican | 
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Josh Hawley | Missouri | Republican |
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Cindy Hyde-Smith | Mississippi | Republican |
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John Kennedy | Louisiana | Republican |
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Cynthia Lummis | Wyoming | Republican |
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Roger Marshall | Kansas | Republican |
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Rick Scott | Florida | Republican |
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Tommy Tuberville | Alabama | Republican |
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House of Representatives[]
The 139 Republican members of the House of Representatives who would be part of the sedition caucus by the original definition include:[32]
| Name | District | Party | Voted to reject the electoral votes from | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arizona | Pennsylvania | ||||
| Robert Aderholt | AL-4 | Republican |
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| Mo Brooks | AL-5 | Republican |
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| Jerry Carl | AL-1 | Republican |
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| Barry Moore | AL-2 | Republican |
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| Gary Palmer | AL-6 | Republican |
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| Mike Rogers | AL-3 | Republican |
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| Andy Biggs | AZ-5 | Republican |
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| Paul Gosar | AZ-4 | Republican |
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| Debbie Lesko | AZ-8 | Republican |
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| David Schweikert | AZ-6 | Republican |
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| Rick Crawford | AR-1 | Republican |
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| Ken Calvert | CA-42 | Republican |
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| Mike Garcia | CA-25 | Republican |
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| Darrell Issa | CA-50 | Republican |
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| Doug LaMalfa | CA-1 | Republican |
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| Kevin McCarthy | CA-23 | Republican |
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| Devin Nunes | CA-22 | Republican |
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| Jay Obernolte | CA-8 | Republican |
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| Lauren Boebert | CO-3 | Republican |
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| Doug Lamborn | CO-5 | Republican |
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| Kat Cammack | FL-3 | Republican |
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| Mario Diaz-Balart | FL-25 | Republican |
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| Byron Donalds | FL-19 | Republican |
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| Neal Dunn | FL-2 | Republican |
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| Scott Franklin | FL-15 | Republican |
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| Matt Gaetz | FL-1 | Republican |
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| Carlos A. Giménez | FL-26 | Republican |
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| Brian Mast | FL-18 | Republican |
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| Bill Posey | FL-8 | Republican |
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| John Rutherford | FL-4 | Republican |
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| Greg Steube | FL-17 | Republican |
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| Daniel Webster | FL-11 | Republican |
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| Rick W. Allen | GA-12 | Republican |
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| Buddy Carter | GA-1 | Republican |
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| Andrew Clyde | GA-9 | Republican |
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| Marjorie Taylor Greene | GA-14 | Republican |
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| Jody Hice | GA-10 | Republican |
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| Barry Loudermilk | GA-11 | Republican |
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| Russ Fulcher | ID-1 | Republican |
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| Mike Bost | IL-12 | Republican |
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| Mary Miller | IL-15 | Republican |
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| Jim Baird | IN-4 | Republican |
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| Jim Banks | IN-3 | Republican |
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| Greg Pence | IN-6 | Republican |
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| Jackie Walorski | IN-2 | Republican |
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| Ron Estes | KS-4 | Republican |
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| Jacob LaTurner | KS-2 | Republican |
|
did not vote[b] | |
| Tracey Mann | KS-1 | Republican |
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| Hal Rogers | KY-5 | Republican |
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| Garret Graves | LA-6 | Republican |
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| Clay Higgins | LA-3 | Republican |
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| Mike Johnson | LA-4 | Republican |
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| Steve Scalise | LA-1 | Republican |
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| Andy Harris | MD-1 | Republican |
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| Jack Bergman | MI-1 | Republican |
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| Lisa McClain | MI-10 | Republican |
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| Tim Walberg | MI-7 | Republican |
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| Michelle Fischbach | MN-7 | Republican |
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| Jim Hagedorn | MN-1 | Republican |
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| Michael Guest | MS-3 | Republican |
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| Trent Kelly | MS-1 | Republican |
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| Steven Palazzo | MS-4 | Republican |
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| Sam Graves | MO-6 | Republican |
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| Vicky Hartzler | MO-4 | Republican |
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| Billy Long | MO-7 | Republican |
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| Blaine Luetkemeyer | MO-3 | Republican |
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| Jason Smith | MO-8 | Republican |
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| Matt Rosendale | MT-AL | Republican |
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| Adrian Smith | NE-3 | Republican |
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| Dan Bishop | NC-9 | Republican |
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| Ted Budd | NC-13 | Republican |
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| Madison Cawthorn | NC-11 | Republican |
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| Virginia Foxx | NC-5 | Republican |
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| Richard Hudson | NC-8 | Republican |
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| Greg Murphy | NC-3 | Republican |
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| David Rouzer | NC-7 | Republican |
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| Jeff Van Drew | NJ-2 | Republican |
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| Yvette Herrell | NM-2 | Republican |
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| Chris Jacobs | NY-27 | Republican |
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| Nicole Malliotakis | NY-11 | Republican |
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| Elise Stefanik | NY-21 | Republican |
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| Lee Zeldin | NY-1 | Republican |
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| Steve Chabot | OH-1 | Republican |
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| Warren Davidson | OH-8 | Republican |
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| Bob Gibbs | OH-7 | Republican |
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| Bill Johnson | OH-6 | Republican |
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| Jim Jordan | OH-4 | Republican |
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| Stephanie Bice | OK-5 | Republican |
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| Tom Cole | OK-4 | Republican |
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| Kevin Hern | OK-1 | Republican |
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| Frank Lucas | OK-3 | Republican |
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| Markwayne Mullin | OK-2 | Republican |
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| Cliff Bentz | OR-2 | Republican |
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| John Joyce | PA-13 | Republican |
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| Fred Keller | PA-12 | Republican |
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| Mike Kelly | PA-16 | Republican |
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| Daniel Meuser | PA-9 | Republican |
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| Scott Perry | PA-10 | Republican |
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| Guy Reschenthaler | PA-14 | Republican |
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| Lloyd Smucker | PA-11 | Republican |
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| Glenn Thompson | PA-15 | Republican |
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| Jeff Duncan | SC-3 | Republican |
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| Ralph Norman | SC-5 | Republican |
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| Tom Rice | SC-7 | Republican |
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| William Timmons | SC-4 | Republican |
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| Joe Wilson | SC-2 | Republican |
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| Tim Burchett | TN-2 | Republican |
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| Scott DesJarlais | TN-4 | Republican |
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| Chuck Fleischmann | TN-3 | Republican |
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| Mark E. Green | TN-7 | Republican |
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| Diana Harshbarger | TN-1 | Republican |
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| David Kustoff | TN-8 | Republican |
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| John Rose | TN-6 | Republican |
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| Jodey Arrington | TX-19 | Republican |
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| Brian Babin | TX-36 | Republican |
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| Michael C. Burgess | TX-26 | Republican |
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| John Carter | TX-31 | Republican |
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| Michael Cloud | TX-27 | Republican |
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| Pat Fallon | TX-4 | Republican |
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| Louie Gohmert | TX-1 | Republican |
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| Lance Gooden | TX-5 | Republican |
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| Ronny Jackson | TX-13 | Republican |
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| Troy Nehls | TX-22 | Republican |
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| August Pfluger | TX-11 | Republican |
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| Pete Sessions | TX-17 | Republican |
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| Beth Van Duyne | TX-24 | Republican |
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| Randy Weber | TX-14 | Republican |
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| Roger Williams | TX-25 | Republican |
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| Ron Wright | TX-6 | Republican |
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| Burgess Owens | UT-4 | Republican |
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| Chris Stewart | UT-2 | Republican |
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| Ben Cline | VA-6 | Republican |
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| Bob Good | VA-5 | Republican |
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| Morgan Griffith | VA-9 | Republican |
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| Robert J. Wittman | VA-1 | Republican |
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| Carol Miller | WV-3 | Republican |
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| Alexander Mooney | WV-2 | Republican |
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| Scott L. Fitzgerald | WI-5 | Republican |
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| Tom Tiffany | WI-7 | Republican |
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See also[]
- Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election
- Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud
- Republican efforts to make voting laws more restrictive following the 2020 presidential election
Notes[]
- ^ At the time, twelve senators had announced they would object to the certification. Kelly Loeffler also announced she would object, leading Rubin to call the group the "Dirty Baker's Dozen." However, following the storming of the U.S. Capitol, several of these Republican senators dropped their objections, leading only six to object to Arizona and seven to object to Pennsylvania.[12] Rubin then referred to the six who objected to Arizona as the "Dirty Half Dozen."[13]
- ^ LaTurner missed the Pennsylvania vote due to a positive COVID-19 diagnosis.
References[]
- ^ Kotz, Pete (January 20, 2021). "After Jan. 6 Capitol Riot, Ohio Congressmen Plot 'Less Scary' Way to Overthrow Democracy". The Cleveland Scene. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
- ^ "Florida's Hall of Shame: The 13 Sunshine State Seditionists". The Sun Sentinel. January 11, 2021. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
- ^ Dias, Isabela (January 14, 2021). "Lawmakers Who Attended the President's Pre-Riot Rally Are Going to Feel Fundraising Pain". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
- ^ Zanona, Melanie (December 2, 2020). "The GOP's electoral mischief". Politico. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
- ^ Gregorian, Dareh (December 30, 2020). "GOP senator to object to Electoral College results, forcing Congress to vote on overturning Biden's win". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
- ^ Parks, Miles (January 6, 2021). "Some Republican Senators Walk Back Objections To Election Results". NPR. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
- ^ Niedzwiadek, Nick (April 26, 2021). "Rep. Liz Cheney not ruling out 2024 presidential run". Politico. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
- ^ "Florida's Republicans in Congress: A national embarrassment, a danger to democracy". The Orlando Sentinel. December 31, 2020. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
- ^ Boggioni, Tom (January 3, 2021). "CNN's Tapper rips 12-GOP senator 'sedition caucus' for election overthrow plot". The Raw Story. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
- ^ Fearnow, Benjamin (January 3, 2021). "'Traitors and Patriots': CNN Host Calls GOP Senators' Election Challenge a 'Disgraceful Effort'". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
- ^ Nichols, Tom (January 4, 2021). "Worse Than Treason". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Rubin, Jennifer. "A really bad day for the 'Sedition Caucus'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Rubin, Jennifer (January 7, 2021). "A demagogue, a mob and the Sedition Caucus". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
- ^ Boot, Max (January 6, 2021). "Trump is guilty of sedition. Impeach him again". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
- ^ Connolly, Griffin (January 10, 2021). "'Sedition caucus' facing mounting calls to resign after voting against Biden's election win". The Independent. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
- ^ Axelrod, Tal (February 5, 2021). "New Democratic super PAC to target swing-district Republicans over vote to overturn election". The Hill. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
- ^ Lillis, Mike; Wong, Scott (June 4, 2021). "Democrats debate shape of new Jan. 6 probe". The Hill. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Binder, Sarah (January 11, 2021). "A violent mob overran Congress. 3 takeaways for the weeks ahead". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
- ^ Noel, Hans (January 25, 2021). "Republicans Can Agree to Disagree Over Democracy". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
- ^ Latner, Michael (January 12, 2021). "How to Quarantine a Political Virus: Stopping the Sedition Caucus by Improving Democracy". Union of Concerned Scientists. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
- ^ Korte, Gregory; Allison, Bill (January 11, 2021). "GOP Lawmakers Hit by Boardroom Backlash for Bid to Undo Election". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
- ^ Weber, Peter (June 28, 2021). "Toyota is the top donor to the 'Sedition Caucus' of Republicans who wouldn't certify Biden's win". The Week. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
- ^ Markay, Lachlan (June 27, 2021). "Toyota leads companies in election-objector donations". Axios. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
- ^ Cole, Brendan (January 21, 2021). "Lincoln Project Pivots to Targeting 'Sedition Caucus' of Ted Cruz, Josh Hawley". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
- ^ "Big Tech Companies Donated Nearly $2 Million to Republican 'Sedition Caucus'". Common Dreams. January 21, 2021. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
- ^ Chung, Jane; Tanglis, Mike (January 21, 2021). "Big Tech Bankrolls the Sedition Caucus". Public Citizen. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
- ^ "Report: Fossil Fuel PACs Donated $8.8 Million to Republican 'Sedition Caucus'". Public Citizen. January 27, 2021. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
- ^ https://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/foreign/2021/07/08/toyota-stops-donations-election-objectors-after-pac-targets-company/7904631002/
- ^ "Editorial: The Wisconsin Legislature has its own 'sedition caucus'". The Capital Times. January 20, 2021. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
- ^ Nichols, John (February 16, 2021). "The 43 Senators of the Republican Sedition Caucus Are Every Bit As Guilty as Donald Trump". The Nation. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
- ^ Gross, Jenny; Broadwater, Luke (7 January 2021). "Here are the Republicans who objected to certifying the election results". The New York Times. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
- ^ Yourish, Karen; Buchanan, Larry; Lu, Denise (7 January 2021). "The 147 Republicans Who Voted to Overturn Election Results". The New York Times. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
- 117th United States Congress
- 2020 neologisms
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- American political catchphrases
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- Sedition
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