Viminol
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Trade names | Dividol |
Other names | Dividol, viminolo, diviminol |
AHFS/Drugs.com | International Drug Names |
Routes of administration | Oral |
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ChEMBL | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.040.301 ![]() |
Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C21H31ClN2O |
Molar mass | 362.94 g·mol−1 |
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Viminol (marketed under the brandname Dividol) is an opioid analgesic developed by a team at the drug company Zambon in the 1960s.[1] Viminol is based on the α-pyrryl-2-aminoethanol structure, unlike any other class of opioids.[2][3]
Viminol has both antitussive (cough suppressing) and analgesic (pain reducing) effects. Viminol has additional effects similar to other opioids including sedation and euphoria.[citation needed] It has six different stereoisomers which have varying properties. Four are inactive, but the 1S-(R,R)-disecbutyl isomer is a μ-opioid full agonist around 5.5 times more potent than morphine and the 1S-(S,S)-disecbutyl isomer is an antagonist.[4][5] Since vimonol is supplied as a racemic mixture of isomers, the overall effect is a mixed agonist–antagonist profile similar to that of opioids such as pentazocine, although with somewhat fewer side effects.[6]
Side effects[]
Side effects are similar to other opioids, and can include:[medical citation needed]
- Itching
- Nausea
- Sedation
- Respiratory depression - can be potentially life-threatening
However, since viminol is supplied as a racemic mixture of agonist and antagonist isomers, the abuse potential and respiratory depression tends to be less than that of μ-opioid full agonist drugs.[medical citation needed]
Drug dependence may occur.[7]
Related compounds[]
Later work showed that replacing the chlorine atom with an fluorine atom (2F-Viminol) or with a trifluoromethyl group produced a compound with twice the potency and half the acute toxicity.[8] A later team at Zambon found that one isomer of a pyrrolidone analog is 318 times as potent as morphine in its analgesic activity in animal studies.[9] A number of related compounds were also found to be active, allowing a QSAR model to be constructed.
References[]
- ^ Teotino UM, Bella DD (10 November 1970). "US Patent 3539589 - 1-(α-PYRRYL)-2-AMINO ETHANOLS". Whitefin Holding Sa.
- ^ Contri AM (April 1981). "[Chromatographic separation of diastereoisomers of aminoalcohol salts and their densitometric determination]". Il Farmaco; Edizione Pratica (in Italian). 36 (4): 215–22. PMID 6894429.
- ^ Neto JM, Murad JE, Monteiro SS (December 1977). "Psychopharmacological properties of the viminol-p-hydroxybenzoate". Revista Brasileira de Pesquisas Medicas e Biologicas. 10 (6): 361–8. PMID 609773.
- ^ Bella DD, Bresso CV, Monza DC, Tiotino UM (31 December 1974). "US Patent 3857857 - Stereoisomers of 1(1'(-O-Chlorobenzyl)-2'-Pyrryl)-2-Disec.Butylamino-Ethanol". Whitefin Holding Sa.
- ^ Shook JE, Kallman MJ, Dewey WL (January 1984). "The discriminative stimulus properties of the R2 isomer of viminol". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 20 (1): 59–62. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(84)90101-1. PMID 6546450. S2CID 11418389.
- ^ Cinelli M, Costa V, Ventresca GP, Lodola E (May 1986). "Viminol R2 analgesic activity in patients with postoperative pain: comparison with pentazocine". International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy, and Toxicology. 24 (5): 232–5. PMID 3525423.
- ^ Turkiewicz, G.; Baltieri, D. A. (2009). "Dependence on Viminol". Journal of Substance Use. 12 (4): 301. doi:10.1080/14659890701237124. S2CID 71184621.
- ^ Franco Conti (10 April 1979). "US Patent 4148907 - Stereoisomers of 1-(1'benzyl-2'pyrryl)-2-di-sec.-butylaminoethanol and pharmaceutical compositions comprising same". Etablissement Viridis.
- ^ Carenzi A, Chiarino D, Bella DD, Grancini GC, Veneziani C (2 October 1990). "US Patent 4960788 - Pyrrolidone-2 compounds and their use for central analgesic activity". Zambon Group S.P.A.
- ^ Napoletano M, et al. Stereoselective synthesis and evaluation of all stereoisomers of Z4349, a novel and selective μ-opioid analgesic. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 1995; 5(6): 589-592. doi:10.1016/0960-894X(95)00077-7
- Opioids
- Pyrroles
- Secondary alcohols
- Chloroarenes
- Mu-opioid agonists