Glibenclamide

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with gliclazide or glipizide.

Glibenclamide
Glibenclamide.svg
Glibenclamide-4YVP-ball-and-stick.png
Clinical data
Trade namesDiabeta, Flycron, others[1]
Other namesGlyburide (USAN US)
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa684058
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: C
Routes of
administration		By mouth
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
  • UK: POM (Prescription only)
  • US: ℞-only
  • EU: Rx-only
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein bindingExtensive
MetabolismLiver hydroxylation (CYP2C9-mediated)
Elimination half-life10 hours
ExcretionKidney and biliary
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.030.505 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC23H28ClN3O5S
Molar mass494.00 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point169 to 170 °C (336 to 338 °F)
SMILES
InChI
  

Glibenclamide, also known as glyburide, is a medication used to treat diabetes mellitus type 2.[1] It is recommended that it be taken together with diet and exercise.[1] It may be used with other antidiabetic medication.[1] It is not recommended for use by itself in diabetes mellitus type 1.[1] It is taken by mouth.[1]

Common side effects include nausea and heartburn.[1] Serious side effects may include angioedema and low blood sugar.[1] It is generally not recommended during pregnancy but can be used during breastfeeding.[2] It is in the sulfonylureas class of medications and works by increasing the release of insulin from the pancreas.[1]

Glibenclamide was discovered in 1969 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1984.[3][1] It is available as a generic medication.[2] In 2018, it was the 203rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2 million prescriptions.[4][5]

Medical uses[]

It is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

It is not as good as either metformin or insulin in those who have gestational diabetes.[6]

Side effects[]

Frequently reported side effects include: nausea, heartburn, weight gain, and bloating.[7] The medication is also a major cause of medication-induced hypoglycemia. The risk is greater than with other sulfonylureas.[8] Cholestatic jaundice is noted.

Glibenclamide may be not recommended in those with G6PD deficiency, as it may cause acute hemolysis.[9]

Pregnancy and breastfeeding[]

It is generally not recommended during pregnancy but can be used during breastfeeding.[2]

Mechanism of action[]

The medication works by binding to and inhibiting the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) inhibitory regulatory subunit sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1)[10] in pancreatic beta cells. This inhibition causes cell membrane depolarization, opening voltage-dependent calcium channels. This results in an increase in intracellular calcium in the pancreatic beta cell and subsequent stimulation of insulin release.

After a cerebral ischemic insult, the blood–brain barrier is broken and glibenclamide can reach the central nervous system. Glibenclamide has been shown to bind more efficiently to the ischemic hemisphere.[11] Moreover, under ischemic conditions SUR1, the regulatory subunit of the KATP- and the NCCa-ATP-channels, is expressed in neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, endothelial cells[12] and by reactive microglia.[11]

As per the research papers, this sulphonyl urea drugs also has extra hepatic effects. It works by inhibiting the enzyme Carnityl Acyl Transferase I (CAT-I) indirectly which is present in the mitochondria. This prevents the transport of long chain fatty acids into the mitochondria for beta-oxidation. This prevents hyperglycemia for which it is prescribed.[13][14] Tolbutamine also has a similar effect.

History[]

It was developed in 1966 in a cooperative study between Boehringer Mannheim (now part of Roche) and Hoechst (now part of Sanofi-Aventis).[15]

Trade names[]

Glibenclamide is available as a generic, is manufactured by many pharmaceutical companies and is sold in doses of 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg under many brand names including Gliben-J, Daonil, Diabeta, Euglucon, Gilemal, Glidanil, Glybovin, Glynase, Maninil, Micronase and Semi-Daonil. It is also available in a fixed-dose combination drug with metformin that is sold under various trade names, e.g. Bagomet Plus, Benimet, Glibomet, Gluconorm, Glucored, Glucovance, Metglib and many others.[citation needed]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Glyburide Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c British national formulary : BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. p. 692. ISBN 9780857113382.
  3. ^ Diabetes in Clinical Practice: Questions and Answers from Case Studies. John Wiley & Sons. 2007. p. 342. ISBN 9780470059135.
  4. ^ "The Top 300 of 2021". ClinCalc. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  5. ^ "Glyburide - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  6. ^ Balsells, M; García-Patterson, A; Solà, I; Roqué, M; Gich, I; Corcoy, R (21 January 2015). "Glibenclamide, metformin, and insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 350: h102. doi:10.1136/bmj.h102. PMC 4301599. PMID 25609400.
  7. ^ "Glyburide: MedlinePlus Drug Information". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  8. ^ Gangji, A. S.; Cukierman, T.; Gerstein, H. C.; Goldsmith, C. H.; Clase, C. M. (1 February 2007). "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Hypoglycemia and Cardiovascular Events: A comparison of glyburide with other secretagogues and with insulin". Diabetes Care. 30 (2): 389–394. doi:10.2337/dc06-1789. PMID 17259518.
  9. ^ Meloni G, Meloni T (January 1996). "Glyburide-induced acute haemolysis in a G6PD-deficient patient with NIDDM". Br. J. Haematol. 92 (1): 159–60. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.1996.275810.x. PMID 8562390. S2CID 41227257.
  10. ^ Serrano-Martín X, Payares G, Mendoza-León A (December 2006). "Glibenclamide, a blocker of K+(ATP) channels, shows antileishmanial activity in experimental murine cutaneous leishmaniasis". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50 (12): 4214–6. doi:10.1128/AAC.00617-06. PMC 1693980. PMID 17015627.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b Ortega FJ, Gimeno-Bayon J, Espinosa-Parrilla JF, Carrasco JL, Batlle M, Pugliese M, Mahy N, Rodríguez MJ (May 2012). "ATP-dependent potassium channel blockade strengthens microglial neuroprotection after hypoxia-ischemia in rats" (PDF). Exp. Neurol. 235 (1): 282–96. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.02.010. hdl:2445/34278. PMID 22387180. S2CID 4828181.
  12. ^ Simard JM, Woo SK, Schwartzbauer GT, Gerzanich V (September 2012). "Sulfonylurea receptor 1 in central nervous system injury: a focused review". J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 32 (9): 1699–717. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2012.91. PMC 3434627. PMID 22714048.
  13. ^ Chen, S.; Ogawa, A.; Ohneda, M.; Unger, R. H.; Foster, D. W.; McGarry, J. D. (July 1994). "More direct evidence for a malonyl-CoA-carnitine palmitoyltransferase I interaction as a key event in pancreatic beta-cell signaling". Diabetes. 43 (7): 878–883. doi:10.2337/diab.43.7.878. ISSN 0012-1797. PMID 8013751.
  14. ^ Lehtihet, Mikael; Welsh, Nils; Berggren, Per-Olof; Cook, George A.; Sjoholm, Ake (August 2003). "Glibenclamide inhibits islet carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 activity, leading to PKC-dependent insulin exocytosis". American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 285 (2): E438–446. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00057.2003. ISSN 0193-1849. PMID 12684219.
  15. ^ Marble A (1971). "Glibenclamide, a new sulphonylurea: whither oral hypoglycaemic agents?". Drugs. 1 (2): 109–15. doi:10.2165/00003495-197101020-00001. PMID 4999930. S2CID 13181386.

External links[]

  • "Glyburide". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Retrieved from ""