Scutellaria

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Scutellaria
Scutellaria pekinensis Yamatatsunamisou in Ibukiyama 2002-6-9.jpg
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Subfamily: Scutellarioideae
Genus: Scutellaria
L.[1]
Synonyms [1]
  • Anaspis Rech.f.
  • Cruzia Phil.
  • Harlanlewisia Epling
  • Perilomia Kunth
  • Salazaria Torr.
  • Theresa Clos

Scutellaria is a genus of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. They are known commonly as skullcaps.[2] The generic name is derived from the Latin scutella, meaning "a small dish, tray or platter",[3] or "little dish",[4] referring to the shape of the calyx.[4] The common name alludes to the resemblance of the same structure to "miniature medieval helmets".[4] The genus has a subcosmopolitan distribution,[5] with species occurring nearly worldwide, mainly in temperate regions.[6]

Description[]

Most are annual or perennial herbaceous plants from 5 to 100 cm (2 to 39 in) tall, but a few are subshrubs; some are aquatic. They have four-angled stems and opposite leaves. The flowers have upper and lower lips. The genus is most easily recognized by the typical shield on the calyx that has also prompted its common name.

Traditional use[]

Skullcaps are common herbal remedies in systems of traditional medicine. In traditional Chinese medicine they are utilized to "clear away the heat-evil and expel superficial evils".[7] Scutellaria baicalensis in particular is a common component of many preparations.[8] Its root, known as Radix Scutellariae, is the source of the Chinese medicine Huang Qin. It is still in demand today, and marketed in volumes that have led to the overexploitation of the wild plant. Its rarity has led to an increase in price, and encouraged the adulteration of the product with other species of Scutellaria.[9]

In North America, Scutellaria lateriflora became[when?] a common treatment in America for rabies.[10] Today it is still a popular medicinal herb.[11] It is widely available as a commercial product used in western herbalism to treat anxiety and muscle tension.[12] The plant reportedly commands prices of $16 to $64 per pound dry weight.[13]

Constituents and pharmacology[]

The main compounds responsible for the biological activity of skullcap are flavonoids.[9] Baicalein, one of the important Scutellaria flavonoids, was shown to have cardiovascular effects in in vitro.[14] Research also shows that Scutellaria root modulates inflammatory activity in vitro to inhibit nitric oxide (NO), cytokine, chemokine and growth factor production in macrophages.[15] Isolated chemical compounds including wogonin, wogonoside, and 3,5,7,2',6'-pentahydroxyl flavanone found in Scutellaria have been shown to inhibit histamine and leukotriene release.[16] Other active constituents include baicalin, apigenin, oroxylin A, scutellarein, and .[17]

Some Scutellaria species, including S. baicalensis and S. lateriflora, have demonstrated anxiolytic activity in both animals and humans.[17][18][19] A variety of flavonoids in Scutellaria species have been found to bind to the benzodiazepine site and/or a non-benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor, including baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, apigenin, oroxylin A, scutellarein, and .[20][21][22] Baicalin and baicalein,[22][23][24][25] wogonin,[26] and apigenin[27] have been confirmed to act as positive allosteric modulators and produce anxiolytic effects in animals, whereas oroxylin A acts as a negative allosteric modulator (and also, notably, as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor).[28][29][30] As such, these compounds and actions, save oroxylin A, are likely to underlie the anxiolytic effects of Scutellaria species.[19]

Scutellaria also contains rosmarinic acid which inhibits GABA transaminase which breaks GABA down, thus making it available longer.[31]

Selected species[]

Main article: List of Scutellaria species

Estimates of the number of species in the genus range from around 300[4][6] to about 350[7][32] or 360[33] to 470.[5][34][2][35][36][37][38]

Selected species include:

  • Scutellaria alabamensis – Alabama skullcap
  • Scutellaria alborosea Lem.
  • Scutellaria alpina L. – alpine skullcap
  • – pineland skullcap
  • L. – Somerset skullcap, tall skullcap
  • [39]
  • – narrowleaf skullcap
  • Scutellaria antirrhinoides Benth. – nose skullcap
  • – Florida scrub skullcap
  • – Blue Ridge skullcap
  • Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi – Baikal skullcap, Chinese skullcap
  • Scutellaria barbata D.Don – barbed skullcap
  • Scutellaria bolanderi A.Gray – Sierra skullcap
  • Scutellaria brachyspica
  • Scutellaria brittonii – Britton's skullcap
  • – Bush's skullcap
  • – blue skullcap
  • Scutellaria californica A.Gray – California skullcap
  • Scutellaria cardiophylla – gulf skullcap
  • Scutellaria costaricana H.Wendl. – scarlet skullcap, Costa Rican skullcap
  • Scutellaria drummondii – Drummond's skullcap
  • Muhl. – hairy skullcap
  • Scutellaria floridana Chapm. – Florida skullcap
  • Scutellaria formosana
  • Scutellaria galericulata L. – common skullcap, marsh skullcap
  • Scutellaria glabriuscula – Georgia skullcap
  • Scutellaria hastifolia – spear-leaved skullcap
  • – Havana skullcap
  • Scutellaria incana Biehler – downy skullcap, hoary skullcap
  • Vent.
  • L.
  • Scutellaria integrifolia L. – helmet flower
  • – Culberson County skullcap
  • Scutellaria lateriflora L. – blue skullcap, Virginian skullcap
  • Benth.
  • Scutellaria mexicana
  • – littleleaf skullcap
  • Scutellaria minor Huds. – lesser skullcap
  • Scutellaria montana Chapm. – mountain skullcap, large-flowered skullcap
  • Scutellaria multiglandulosa – Small's skullcap
  • – Rio Grande skullcap
  • Scutellaria nana A.Gray – dwarf skullcap
  • Scutellaria nervosa – veiny skullcap
  • – Ocmulgee skullcap
  • Scutellaria orientalis
  • Scutellaria ovata Hill – heart-leaved skullcap
  • Scutellaria parvula Michx. – small skullcap
  • – Mexican skullcap
  • – falseteeth skullcap
  • – South American skullcap
  • Torr. – sticky skullcap
  • – White Pine skullcap
  • Scutellaria sarmentosa
  • – smooth rock skullcap
  • [40]
  • – showy skullcap
  • Scutellaria siphocampyloides – grayleaf skullcap
  • – Texas skullcap
  • – Thieret's skullcap
  • Scutellaria tuberosa Benth. – Danny's skullcap
  • – Wright's skullcap

See also[]

  • Piper methysticum (kava), another anxiolytic GABAergic plant
  • Valeriana officinalis (valerian), a sedative GABAergic plant
  • Chaenomeles speciosa, also contains a constituent that acts as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor

References[]

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  2. ^ a b "Scutellaria". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
  3. ^ Scutellaria parvula var. missouriensis. Robert W. Freckmann Herbarium. University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point.
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