OPN5

OPN5
Identifiers
Aliases	OPN5, GPR136, GRP136, PGR12, TMEM13, opsin 5
External IDs	OMIM: 609042 MGI: 2662912 HomoloGene: 72341 GeneCards: OPN5
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 6 (human)
End	47,832,780 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 17 (mouse)
End	42,611,395 bp
Gene ontology
Molecular function	• 11-cis retinal binding; • G protein-coupled receptor activity; • photoreceptor activity; • signal transducer activity; • G protein-coupled photoreceptor activity;
Cellular component	• integral component of membrane; • membrane; • photoreceptor outer segment; • integral component of plasma membrane;
Biological process	• protein-chromophore linkage; • signal transduction; • visual perception; • response to stimulus; • G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; • phototransduction; • detection of visible light; • cellular response to light stimulus;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	221391
	353344
	ENSG00000124818
	ENSMUSG00000043972
	Q6U736
	Q6VZZ7
	NM_001030051; NM_181744
	NM_181753
	NP_859528
	NP_861418
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Opsin-5, also known as G-protein coupled receptor 136 or neuropsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPN5 gene. Opsin-5 is a member of the opsin subfamily of the G protein-coupled receptors.^[5]^[6]^[7] It is a photoreceptor protein sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light. The OPN5 gene was discovered in mouse and human genomes and its mRNA expression was also found in neural tissues. Neuropsin is bistable at 0 °C and activates a UV-sensitive, heterotrimeric G protein Gi-mediated pathway in mammalian and avian tissues.^[8]^[9]

Function[]

Human neuropsin is expressed in the eye, brain, testes, and spinal cord. Neuropsin belongs to the seven-exon subfamily of mammalian opsin genes that includes peropsin (RRH) and retinal G protein coupled receptor (RGR). Neuropsin has different isoforms created by alternative splicing.^[7]

Photochemistry[]

When reconstituted with 11-cis-retinal, mouse and human neuropsins absorb maximally at 380 nm. When illuminated these neuropsins are converted into blue-absorbing photoproducts (470 nm), which are stable in the dark. The photoproducts are converted back to the UV-absorbing form, when they are illuminated with orange light (> 520 nm).^[8]

Phylogeny[]

The neuropsins form one of the three subclades of the tetraopsins.^[10] They are also known as Go/RGR,^[11] or Group 4 opsins.^[12] The tetraopsins contain three subclades: The Go-opsins, the neuropsins, and a clade formed by the RGR-opsins and the peropsins.^[10] The tetraopsins are one of the main clades of animal opsins, also known as metazoan or type-II opsins. Animal opsins contain four main clades: The c-opsins (ciliary), the r-opsins (rhabdomeric), the xenopsins, and the tetraopsins.^[10] Only some of these subclades occur in cnidarians. However, without the cnidarian opsins the remaining bilaterian opsins would be a parphyletic taxon.^[10]^[12]^[13]

Species distribution[]

Neuropsin and its orthologs have been found experimentally in a small number of animals, among them human, house mouse (Mus musculus),^[5] chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus),^[9]^[14] the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica),^[15] the European brittle star Amphiura filiformis (related to starfish),^[16] the tardigrade water bear (Hypsibius dujardini),^[17] and the tadpole of Xenopus laevis.^[18]

Searches of publicly available databases of genetic sequences have found putative neuropsin orthologs in both major branches of Bilateria: protostomes and deuterostomes. Among protostomes, putative neuropsins have been found in the molluscs owl limpet (Lottia gigantea) (a species of sea snail) and Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), in the water flea (Daphnia pulex) (an arthropod), and in the annelid worm Capitella teleta.^[17]

References[]

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000124818 - Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000043972 - Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ ^a ^b Tarttelin EE, Bellingham J, Hankins MW, Foster RG, Lucas RJ (Nov 2003). "Neuropsin (Opn5): a novel opsin identified in mammalian neural tissue". FEBS Letters. 554 (3): 410–6. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01212-2. PMID 14623103. S2CID 9577067.
^ Fredriksson R, Höglund PJ, Gloriam DE, Lagerström MC, Schiöth HB (Nov 2003). "Seven evolutionarily conserved human rhodopsin G protein-coupled receptors lacking close relatives". FEBS Letters. 554 (3): 381–8. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01196-7. PMID 14623098. S2CID 11563502.
^ ^a ^b "Entrez Gene: OPN5 opsin 5".
^ ^a ^b Kojima D, Mori S, Torii M, Wada A, Morishita R, Fukada Y (2011). "UV-sensitive photoreceptor protein OPN5 in humans and mice". PLOS ONE. 6 (10): e26388. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...626388K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026388. PMC 3197025. PMID 22043319.
^ ^a ^b Yamashita T, Ohuchi H, Tomonari S, Ikeda K, Sakai K, Shichida Y (December 2010). "Opn5 is a UV-sensitive bistable pigment that couples with Gi subtype of G protein". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (51): 22084–22089. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10722084Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012498107. PMC 3009823. PMID 21135214.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ramirez MD, Pairett AN, Pankey MS, Serb JM, Speiser DI, Swafford AJ, Oakley TH (December 2016). "The Last Common Ancestor of Most Bilaterian Animals Possessed at Least Nine Opsins". Genome Biology and Evolution. 8 (12): 3640–3652. doi:10.1093/gbe/evw248. PMID 28172965.
^ Feuda R, Hamilton SC, McInerney JO, Pisani D (November 2012). "Metazoan opsin evolution reveals a simple route to animal vision". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (46): 18868–18872. doi:10.1073/pnas.1204609109. PMID 23112152.
^ ^a ^b Porter ML, Blasic JR, Bok MJ, Cameron EG, Pringle T, Cronin TW, Robinson PR (January 2012). "Shedding new light on opsin evolution". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 279 (1726): 3–14. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1819. PMC 3223661. PMID 22012981.
^ Liegertová M, Pergner J, Kozmiková I, Fabian P, Pombinho AR, Strnad H, et al. (July 2015). "Cubozoan genome illuminates functional diversification of opsins and photoreceptor evolution". Scientific Reports. 5: 11885. Bibcode:2015NatSR...511885L. doi:10.1038/srep11885. PMC 5155618. PMID 26154478.
^ Tomonari S, Migita K, Takagi A, Noji S, Ohuchi H (Jul 2008). "Expression patterns of the opsin 5-related genes in the developing chicken retina". Developmental Dynamics. 237 (7): 1910–22. doi:10.1002/dvdy.21611. PMID 18570255. S2CID 42113764.
^ Nakane Y, Ikegami K, Ono H, Yamamoto N, Yoshida S, Hirunagi K, Ebihara S, Kubo Y, Yoshimura T (Aug 2010). "A mammalian neural tissue opsin (Opsin 5) is a deep brain photoreceptor in birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (34): 15264–8. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10715264N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1006393107. PMC 2930557. PMID 20679218.
^ Delroisse J, Ullrich-Lüter E, Ortega-Martinez O, Dupont S, Arnone MI, Mallefet J, Flammang P (2014). "High opsin diversity in a non-visual infaunal brittle star". BMC Genomics. 15 (1): 1035. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1035. PMC 4289182. PMID 25429842.
^ ^a ^b Hering L, Mayer G (Sep 2014). "Analysis of the opsin repertoire in the tardigrade Hypsibius dujardini provides insights into the evolution of opsin genes in panarthropoda". Genome Biology and Evolution. 6 (9): 2380–91. doi:10.1093/gbe/evu193. PMC 4202329. PMID 25193307.
^ Currie SP, Doherty GH, Sillar KT (May 2016). "Deep-brain photoreception links luminance detection to motor output in Xenopus frog tadpoles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (21): 6053–6058. doi:10.1073/pnas.1515516113. PMC 4889350. PMID 27166423.