List of African-American United States representatives

Joseph Rainey (left) was the first African American to serve in the U.S. House; Shirley Chisholm (right) was the first African-American woman elected to the chamber.

The United States House of Representatives has had 156 elected African-American members, of whom 150 have been representatives from U.S. states and 6 have been delegates from U.S. territories and the District of Columbia.^[1] The House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral United States Congress, which is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the term "African American" includes all individuals who identify with one or more nationalities or ethnic groups originating in any of the black racial groups of Africa.^[2] The term is generally used for Americans with at least partial ancestry in any of the original peoples of sub-Saharan Africa. During the founding of the federal government, African Americans were consigned to a status of second-class citizenship or enslaved.^[3] No African American served in federal elective office before the ratification in 1870 of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits the federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote because of that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Joseph Rainey was the first African-American representative to be seated in the U.S. House. He served South Carolina's 1st congressional district beginning in 1870 during the Reconstruction era following the American Civil War. The first African-American woman to serve as a representative was Shirley Chisholm from New York's 12th congressional district in 1969 during the Civil Rights Movement.

Many African-American members of the House of Representatives serve majority-minority districts.^[4] Some of these congressional districts are gerrymandered, limiting serious challenges to their re-election, and limiting their abilities to represent a larger, more diverse constituency.^[4] The Voting Rights Act of 1965 includes restrictions on the ability of States to diminish minority representation during redistricting. In the elections of 2016 and 2018, an increasing number of non-majority-minority districts have elected racial minority Representatives.

Overall, 30 of the 50 U.S. states, plus the U.S. Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia, have elected an African American to represent them in the U.S. House of Representatives, with Washington being the most recent to elect their first (in 2020); out of these, 21 states, plus the U.S. Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia, have elected an African-American woman to represent them in the U.S. House. Illinois's 1st congressional district has the longest continuous streak of electing African-American representatives, a tendency which has occurred since 1929 to the present. There currently are 57 African-American representatives and two African-American delegates in the United States House of Representatives, representing 28 states, plus the U.S. Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia. Most are members of the Congressional Black Caucus.

Reconstruction and early post-Reconstruction era, 1870–1887[]

(Note: Representatives are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)

Political party

Republican

	Congressional district	Took office	Left office	Party	Congress	Former slave?	Note
Joseph Rainey (1832–1887)	South Carolina's 1st	December 12, 1870	March 3, 1879	Republican	41st (1869–1871)	Yes	Lost reelection^[a]^[5]
					THRU
					45th (1877–1879)
Jefferson F. Long (1836–1901)	Georgia's 4th	January 16, 1871	March 3, 1871	Republican	41st (1869–1871)	Yes	Retired^[b]^[6]
Robert C. De Large (1842–1874)	South Carolina's 2nd	March 4, 1871	January 24, 1873	Republican	42nd (1871–1873)	No	Unseated in 1873 due to a contested election that involved Christopher C. Bowen, the previous seat holder.^[7]^[c]^[8]
Robert B. Elliott (1842–1884)	South Carolina's 3rd	March 4, 1871	November 1, 1874	Republican	42nd (1871–1873)	No	Resigned^[d]^[9]
Robert B. Elliott (1842–1884)	South Carolina's 3rd	March 4, 1871	November 1, 1874	Republican	43rd (1873–1875)	No	Resigned^[d]^[9]
Benjamin S. Turner (1825–1894)	Alabama's 1st	March 4, 1871	March 3, 1873	Republican	42nd (1871–1873)	Yes	Lost reelection^[e]^[10]
Josiah T. Walls (1842–1905)	Florida's at-large	March 4, 1871	January 29, 1873	Republican	42nd (1871–1873)	Yes	Unseated in 1873 and 1876 due to contested elections that involved Silas L. Niblack^[11] and Jesse Finley,^[12] respectively.^[f]^[13]
	Florida's at-large	March 4, 1873	March 3, 1875		43rd (1873–1875)
	Florida's 2nd	March 4, 1875	April 19, 1876		44th (1875–1877)
Richard H. Cain (1825–1887)	South Carolina's at-large	March 4, 1873	March 3, 1875	Republican	43rd (1873–1875)	No	Retired^[14]
Richard H. Cain (1825–1887)	South Carolina's 2nd	March 4, 1877	March 3, 1879	Republican	45th (1877–1879)	No	Retired^[14]
John R. Lynch (1847–1939)	Mississippi's 6th	March 4, 1873	March 3, 1877	Republican	43rd (1873–1875)	Yes	Lost reelection^[g]^[16]
		March 4, 1873	March 3, 1877		44th (1875–1877)
		April 29, 1882	March 3, 1883		47th (1881–1883)
Alonzo J. Ransier (1834–1882)	South Carolina's 2nd	March 3, 1873	March 3, 1875	Republican	43rd (1873–1875)	No	Retired^[h]^[17]
James T. Rapier (1837–1883)	Alabama's 2nd	March 4, 1873	March 3, 1875	Republican	43rd (1873–1875)	No	Lost reelection^[18]
Jeremiah Haralson (1846–1916)	Alabama's 1st	March 4, 1875	March 3, 1877	Republican	44th (1875–1877)	Yes	Lost reelection^[19]
John Adams Hyman (1840–1891)	North Carolina's 2nd	March 4, 1875	March 3, 1877	Republican	44th (1875–1877)	Yes	Lost renomination^[i]^[20]
Charles E. Nash (1844–1913)	Louisiana's 6th	March 4, 1875	March 3, 1877	Republican	44th (1875–1877)	No	Lost reelection^[j]^[21]
Robert Smalls (1839–1915)	South Carolina's 5th	March 4, 1875	March 3, 1879	Republican	44th (1875–1877)	Yes	Lost reelection^[k]^[23]
		March 4, 1875	March 3, 1879		45th (1877–1879)		Lost reelection^[k]^[23]
		July 19, 1882	March 3, 1883		47th (1881–1883)		Lost reelection
	South Carolina's 7th	March 18, 1884	March 3, 1887		48th (1883–1885)		Retired
	South Carolina's 7th	March 18, 1884	March 3, 1887		49th (1885–1887)		Retired
James E. O'Hara (1844–1905)	North Carolina's 2nd	March 4, 1883	March 3, 1887	Republican	48th (1883–1885)	No	Lost reelection^[24]
James E. O'Hara (1844–1905)	North Carolina's 2nd	March 4, 1883	March 3, 1887	Republican	49th (1885–1887)	No	Lost reelection^[24]

Late post-Reconstruction, Populist, and early Jim Crow era, 1887–1929[]

(Note: Representatives are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)

Political party

Republican

	Congressional district	Took office	Left office	Party	Congress	Former slave?	Note
Henry P. Cheatham (1857–1935)	North Carolina's 2nd	March 4, 1889	March 3, 1893	Republican	51st (1889–1891)	Yes	Lost reelection^[l]^[25]
Henry P. Cheatham (1857–1935)	North Carolina's 2nd	March 4, 1889	March 3, 1893	Republican	52nd (1891–1893)	Yes	Lost reelection^[l]^[25]
John Mercer Langston (1829–1897)	Virginia's 4th	September 23, 1890	March 3, 1891	Republican	51st (1889–1891)	No	Lost reelection^[m]^[27]
Thomas E. Miller (1849–1938)	South Carolina's 7th	September 24, 1890	March 3, 1891	Republican	51st (1889–1891)	No	Lost reelection^[n]^[28]^[29]
George W. Murray (1853–1926)	South Carolina's 7th	March 4, 1893	March 3, 1895	Republican	53rd (1893–1895)	Yes	Lost reelection^[o]^[31]
George W. Murray (1853–1926)	South Carolina's 1st	June 4, 1896	March 3, 1897	Republican	54th (1895–1897)	Yes	Lost reelection^[o]^[31]
George Henry White (1852–1918)	North Carolina's 2nd	March 4, 1897	March 3, 1901	Republican	55th (1897–1899)	Yes	Retired^[p]^[32]
George Henry White (1852–1918)	North Carolina's 2nd	March 4, 1897	March 3, 1901	Republican	56th (1899–1901)	Yes	Retired^[p]^[32]

Late Jim Crow and Civil Rights era, 1929–1970[]

(Note: Representatives are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)

Political parties

Democratic Republican

	Congressional district	Took office	Left office	Party	Congress	Note
Oscar Stanton De Priest (1871–1951)	Illinois's 1st	March 4, 1929	January 3, 1935	Republican	71st (1929–1931)	Lost reelection^[q]^[33]
					72nd (1931–1933)
					73rd (1933–1935)
Arthur W. Mitchell (1883–1968)	Illinois's 1st	January 3, 1935	January 3, 1943	Democratic	74th (1935–1937)	Retired^[r]^[34]
					THRU
					77th (1941–1943)
William L. Dawson (1886–1970)	Illinois's 1st	January 3, 1943	November 9, 1970	Democratic	78th (1943–1945)	Died in office^[35]
					THRU
					91st (1969–1971)
Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (1908–1972)	New York's 22nd	January 3, 1945	January 3, 1953	Democratic	79th (1945–1947)	Lost renomination^[s]^[36]
					THRU
					82nd (1951–1953)
	New York's 16th	January 3, 1953	January 3, 1963		83rd (1953–1955)
					THRU
					87th (1961–1963)
	New York's 18th	January 3, 1963	February 28, 1967		88th (1963–1965)
					89th (1965–1967)
					90th (1967–1969)
		April 11, 1967	January 3, 1971		90th (1967–1969)
		April 11, 1967	January 3, 1971		91st (1969–1971)
Charles Diggs (1922–1998)	Michigan's 13th	January 3, 1955	June 3, 1980	Democratic	84th (1955–1957)	Resigned after being convicted of mail fraud^[t]^[37]
					THRU
					96th (1979–1981)
Robert N. C. Nix Sr. (1898–1987)	Pennsylvania's 4th	June 4, 1958	January 3, 1963	Democratic	85th (1957–1959)	Lost renomination^[u]^[38]
					THRU
					87th (1961–1963)
	Pennsylvania's 2nd	January 3, 1963	January 3, 1979		88th (1963–1965)
					THRU
					95th (1977–1979)
Augustus F. Hawkins (1907–2007)	California's 21st	January 3, 1963	January 3, 1975	Democratic	88th (1963–1965)	Retired^[v]^[39]
					THRU
					93rd (1973–1975)
	California's 29th	January 3, 1975	January 3, 1991		94th (1975–1977)
					THRU
					101st (1989–1991)
John Conyers (1929–2019)	Michigan's 1st	January 3, 1965	January 3, 1993	Democratic	89th (1965–1967)	Resigned after being accused of sexual harassment.^[w]^[40]
					THRU
					102nd (1991–1993)
	Michigan's 14th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 2013		103rd (1993–1995)
					THRU
					112th (2011–2013)
	Michigan's 13th	January 3, 2013	December 5, 2017		113th (2013–2015)
					THRU
					115th (2017–2019)
Shirley Chisholm (1924–2005)	New York's 12th	January 3, 1969	January 3, 1983	Democratic	91st (1969–1971)	Retired^[x]^[41]
					THRU
					97th (1981–1983)
Bill Clay (born 1931)	Missouri's 1st	January 3, 1969	January 3, 2001	Democratic	91st (1969–1971)	Retired^[y]^[42]
					THRU
					106th (1999–2001)
Louis Stokes (1925–2015)	Ohio's 21st	January 3, 1969	January 3, 1993	Democratic	91st (1969–1971)	Retired^[z]^[43]
					THRU
					102nd (1991–1993)
	Ohio's 11th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 1999		103rd (1993–1995)
					THRU
					105th (1997–1999)
George W. Collins (1925–1972)	Illinois's 6th	November 3, 1970	December 8, 1972	Democratic	91st (1969–1971)	Died in office^[aa]^[44]
George W. Collins (1925–1972)	Illinois's 6th	November 3, 1970	December 8, 1972	Democratic	92nd (1971–1973)	Died in office^[aa]^[44]

Modern era, 1971–present[]

Representatives[]

(Note: Representatives are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)

Political parties

Democratic Republican

	Congressional district	Took office	Left office	Party	Congress	Note
Ron Dellums (1935–2018)	California's 7th	January 3, 1971	January 3, 1975	Democratic	92nd (1971–1973)	Resigned^[ab]^[45]
	California's 7th	January 3, 1971	January 3, 1975		93rd (1973–1975)
	California's 8th	January 3, 1975	January 3, 1993		94th (1975–1977)
					THRU
					102nd (1991–1993)
	California's 9th	January 3, 1993	February 6, 1998		103rd (1993–1995)
					THRU
					105th (1997–1999)
Ralph Metcalfe (1910–1978)	Illinois's 1st	January 3, 1971	October 10, 1978	Democratic	92nd (1971–1973)	Died in office^[ac]^[48]
					THRU
					95th (1977–1979)
Parren Mitchell (1922–2007)	Maryland's 7th	January 3, 1971	January 3, 1987	Democratic	92nd (1971–1973)	Retired to run unsuccessfully for Lieutenant Governor of Maryland.^[ad]^[49]
					THRU
					99th (1985–1987)
Charles Rangel (born 1930)	New York's 18th	January 3, 1971	January 3, 1973	Democratic	92nd (1971–1973)	Retired^[ae]^[50]
	New York's 19th	January 3, 1973	January 3, 1983		93rd (1973–1975)
					THRU
					97th (1981–1983)
	New York's 16th	January 3, 1983	January 3, 1993		98th (1983–1985)
					THRU
					102nd (1991–1993)
	New York's 15th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 2013		103rd (1993–1995)
					THRU
					112th (2011–2013)
	New York's 13th	January 3, 2013	January 3, 2017		113th (2013–2015)
	New York's 13th	January 3, 2013	January 3, 2017		114th (2015–2017)
Yvonne Brathwaite Burke (born 1932)	California's 37th	January 3, 1973	January 3, 1975	Democratic	93rd (1973–1975)	Retired to run unsuccessfully for Attorney General of California.^[af]^[51]
	California's 28th	January 3, 1975	January 3, 1979		94th (1975–1977)
	California's 28th	January 3, 1975	January 3, 1979		95th (1977–1979)
Barbara Jordan (1936–1996)	Texas's 18th	January 3, 1973	January 3, 1979	Democratic	93rd (1973–1975)	Retired^[ag]^[52]
					94th (1975–1977)
					95th (1977–1979)
Andrew Young (born 1932)	Georgia's 5th	January 3, 1973	January 29, 1977	Democratic	93rd (1973–1975)	Resigned to become the United States Ambassador to the United Nations.^[ah]^[53]
					94th (1975–1977)
					95th (1977–1979)
Cardiss Collins (1931–2013)	Illinois's 7th	June 5, 1973	January 3, 1997	Democratic	93rd (1973–1975)	Retired^[ai]^[54]
					THRU
					104th (1995–1997)
Harold Ford Sr. (born 1945)	Tennessee's 8th	January 3, 1975	January 3, 1983	Democratic	94th (1975–1977)	Retired^[aj]^[55]
					THRU
					97th (1981–1983)
	Tennessee's 9th	January 3, 1983	January 3, 1997		98th (1983–1985)
					THRU
					104th (1995–1997)
Julian Dixon (1934–2000)	California's 28th	January 3, 1979	January 3, 1993	Democratic	96th (1979–1981)	Died in office^[ak]^[56]
					THRU
					102nd (1991–1993)
	California's 32nd	January 3, 1993	December 8, 2000		103rd (1993–1995)
					THRU
					106th (1999–2001)
William H. Gray III (1941–2013)	Pennsylvania's 2nd	January 3, 1979	September 11, 1991	Democratic	96th (1979–1981)	Resigned to become President of the United Negro College Fund.^[al]^[57]
					THRU
					102nd (1991–1993)
Mickey Leland (1944–1989)	Texas's 18th	January 3, 1979	August 7, 1989	Democratic	96th (1979–1981)	Died in office^[am]^[58]
					THRU
					101st (1989–1991)
Bennett Stewart (1912–1988)	Illinois's 1st	January 3, 1979	January 3, 1981	Democratic	96th (1979–1981)	Lost renomination^[59]
George Crockett Jr. (1909–1997)	Michigan's 13th	November 4, 1980	January 3, 1991	Democratic	96th (1979–1981)	Retired^[an]^[60]
					THRU
					101st (1989–1991)
Mervyn Dymally (1926–2012)	California's 31st	January 3, 1981	January 3, 1993	Democratic	97th (1981–1983)	Retired^[ao]^[61]
					THRU
					102nd (1991–1993)
Gus Savage (1925–2015)	Illinois's 2nd	January 3, 1981	January 3, 1993	Democratic	97th (1981–1983)	Lost renomination.^[62]
					THRU
					102nd (1991–1993)
Harold Washington (1922–1987)	Illinois's 1st	January 3, 1981	April 30, 1983	Democratic	97th (1981–1983)	Resigned to become Mayor of Chicago^[63]
Harold Washington (1922–1987)	Illinois's 1st	January 3, 1981	April 30, 1983	Democratic	98th (1983–1985)	Resigned to become Mayor of Chicago^[63]
Katie Hall (1938–2012)	Indiana's 1st	November 2, 1982	January 3, 1985	Democratic	97th (1981–1983)	Lost renomination^[ap]^[64]
Katie Hall (1938–2012)	Indiana's 1st	November 2, 1982	January 3, 1985	Democratic	98th (1983–1985)	Lost renomination^[ap]^[64]
Major Owens (1936–2013)	New York's 12th	January 3, 1983	January 3, 1993	Democratic	98th (1983–1985)	Retired^[65]
					THRU
					102nd (1991–1993)
	New York's 11th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 2007		103rd (1993–1995)
					THRU
					109th (2005–2007)
Edolphus Towns (born 1934)	New York's 11th	January 3, 1983	January 3, 1993	Democratic	98th (1983–1985)	Retired^[aq]^[66]
					THRU
					102nd (1991–1993)
	New York's 10th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 2013		103rd (1993–1995)
					THRU
					112th (2011–2013)
Alan Wheat (born 1951)	Missouri's 5th	January 3, 1983	January 3, 1995	Democratic	98th (1983–1985)	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate^[67]
					THRU
					103rd (1993–1995)
Charles Hayes (1918–1997)	Illinois's 1st	August 23, 1983	January 3, 1993	Democratic	98th (1983–1985)	Lost renomination^[ar]^[68]
					THRU
					102nd (1991–1993)
Alton Waldon (born 1936)	New York's 6th	June 10, 1986	January 3, 1987	Democratic	99th (1985–1987)	Lost renomination^[as]^[69]
Mike Espy (born 1953)	Mississippi's 2nd	January 3, 1987	January 22, 1993	Democratic	100th (1987–1989)	Resigned to become the United States Secretary of Agriculture.^[70]
					THRU
					103rd (1993–1995)
Floyd Flake (born 1945)	New York's 6th	January 3, 1987	November 17, 1997	Democratic	100th (1987–1989)	Resigned to become a pastor at the Allen African Methodist Episcopal Church.^[71]
					THRU
					105th (1997–1999)
John Lewis (1940–2020)	Georgia's 5th	January 3, 1987	July 17, 2020	Democratic	100th (1987–1989)	Died in office^[at]^[72]
					THRU
					116th (2019–2021)
Kweisi Mfume (born 1948)	Maryland's 7th	January 3, 1987	February 15, 1996	Democratic	100th (1987–1989)	Resigned to become Executive Director of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).^[au]^[73]
					THRU
					104th (1995–1997)
		May 5, 2020	Incumbent		116th (2019–2021)
		May 5, 2020	Incumbent		117th (2021–2023)
Donald M. Payne (1934–2012)	New Jersey's 10th	January 3, 1989	March 6, 2012	Democratic	101st (1989–1991)	Died in office^[av]^[74]
					THRU
					112th (2011–2013)
Craig Washington (born 1941)	Texas's 18th	December 9, 1989	January 3, 1995	Democratic	101st (1989–1991)	Lost renomination^[aw]^[75]
					102nd (1991–1993)
					103rd (1993–1995)
Barbara-Rose Collins (1939–2021)	Michigan's 13th	January 3, 1991	January 3, 1993	Democratic	102nd (1991–1993)	Lost renomination^[76]
	Michigan's 15th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 1997		103rd (1993–1995)
	Michigan's 15th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 1997		104th (1995–1997)
Gary Franks (born 1953)	Connecticut's 5th	January 3, 1991	January 3, 1997	Republican	102nd (1991–1993)	Lost reelection^[ax]^[77]
					103rd (1993–1995)
					104th (1995–1997)
William J. Jefferson (born 1947)	Louisiana's 2nd	January 3, 1991	January 3, 2009	Democratic	102nd (1991–1993)	Lost reelection after being indicted for bribery, of which he was later convicted.^[78]
					THRU
					110th (2007–2009)
Maxine Waters (born 1938)	California's 29th	January 3, 1991	January 3, 1993	Democratic	102nd (1991–1993)	^[ay]^[79]
	California's 35th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 2013		103rd (1993–1995)
					THRU
					112th (2011–2013)
	California's 43rd	January 3, 2013	Incumbent		113th (2013–2015)
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Lucien Blackwell (1931–2003)	Pennsylvania's 2nd	November 5, 1991	January 3, 1995	Democratic	102nd (1991–1993)	Lost renomination^[az]^[80]
Lucien Blackwell (1931–2003)	Pennsylvania's 2nd	November 5, 1991	January 3, 1995	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	Lost renomination^[az]^[80]
Eva Clayton (born 1934)	North Carolina's 1st	November 3, 1992	January 3, 2003	Democratic	102nd (1991–1993)	Retired^[ba]^[81]
					THRU
					107th (2001–2003)
Sanford Bishop (born 1947)	Georgia's 2nd	January 3, 1993	Incumbent	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	^[82]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Corrine Brown (born 1946)	Florida's 3rd	January 3, 1993	January 3, 2013	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	Lost renomination after being indicted for fraud and tax-evasion, of which she was later convicted^[83]
					THRU
					112th (2011–2013)
	Florida's 5th	January 3, 2013	January 3, 2017		113th (2013–2015)
	Florida's 5th	January 3, 2013	January 3, 2017		114th (2015–2017)
Jim Clyburn (born 1940)	South Carolina's 6th	January 3, 1993	Incumbent	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	^[bb]^[84]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Cleo Fields (born 1962)	Louisiana's 4th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 1997	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	Retired^[bc]^[85]
Cleo Fields (born 1962)	Louisiana's 4th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 1997	Democratic	104th (1995–1997)	Retired^[bc]^[85]
Alcee Hastings (1936–2021)	Florida's 23rd	January 3, 1993	January 3, 2013	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	Died in office^[86]^[87]
					THRU
					112th (2011–2013)
	Florida's 20th	January 3, 2013	April 6, 2021		113th (2013–2015)
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Earl Hilliard (born 1942)	Alabama's 7th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 2003	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	Lost renomination^[88]
					THRU
					107th (2001–2003)
Eddie Bernice Johnson (born 1935)	Texas's 30th	January 3, 1993	Incumbent	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	^[bd]^[89]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Cynthia McKinney (born 1955)	Georgia's 11th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 1997	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	Lost renomination in 2002 and 2006^[90]
	Georgia's 11th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 1997		104th (1995–1997)
	Georgia's 4th	January 3, 1997	January 3, 2003		105th (1997–1999)
					THRU
					107th (2001–2003)
		January 3, 2005	January 3, 2007		109th (2005–2007)
Carrie Meek (1926–2021)	Florida's 17th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 2003	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	Retired^[be]^[91]
					THRU
					107th (2001–2003)
Mel Reynolds (born 1952)	Illinois's 2nd	January 3, 1993	October 1, 1995	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	Resigned after being convicted on 12 counts of sexual assault, obstruction of justice and solicitation of child pornography and being sentenced to five years in prison.^[92]
Mel Reynolds (born 1952)	Illinois's 2nd	January 3, 1993	October 1, 1995	Democratic	104th (1995–1997)
Bobby Rush (born 1946)	Illinois's 1st	January 3, 1993	Incumbent	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	^[93]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Bobby Scott (born 1947)	Virginia's 3rd	January 3, 1993	Incumbent	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	^[94]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Walter R. Tucker III (born 1957)	California's 37th	January 3, 1993	December 15, 1995	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	Resigned after being convicted of tax-evasion and extortion^[bf]^[95]
Walter R. Tucker III (born 1957)	California's 37th	January 3, 1993	December 15, 1995	Democratic	104th (1995–1997)
Mel Watt (born 1945)	North Carolina's 12th	January 3, 1993	January 6, 2014	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	Resigned to become Director of the Federal Housing Finance Agency^[bg]^[96]
					THRU
					113th (2013–2015)
Albert Wynn (born 1951)	Maryland's 4th	January 3, 1993	May 31, 2008	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	Resigned after losing renomination.^[97]
					THRU
					110th (2007–2009)
Bennie Thompson (born 1948)	Mississippi's 2nd	April 13, 1993	Incumbent	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	^[bh]^[98]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Chaka Fattah (born 1956)	Pennsylvania's 2nd	January 3, 1995	June 23, 2016	Democratic	104th (1995–1997)	Resigned following loss of renomination and convictions for racketeering, fraud, and money laundering.^[99]
					THRU
					114th (2015–2017)
Sheila Jackson Lee (born 1950)	Texas's 18th	January 3, 1995	Incumbent	Democratic	104th (1995–1997)	^[100]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
J. C. Watts (born 1957)	Oklahoma's 4th	January 3, 1995	January 3, 2003	Republican	104th (1995–1997)	Retired from office.^[bi]^[101]
					THRU
					107th (2001–2003)
Jesse Jackson Jr. (born 1965)	Illinois's 2nd	December 12, 1995	November 21, 2012	Democratic	104th (1995–1997)	Resigned after being convicted of wire and mail fraud^[bj]^[102]
					THRU
					112th (2011–2013)
Juanita Millender-McDonald (1938–2007)	California's 37th	March 26, 1996	April 22, 2007	Democratic	104th (1995–1997)	Died in office^[bk]^[103]
					THRU
					110th (2007–2009)
Elijah Cummings (1951–2019)	Maryland's 7th	April 16, 1996	October 17, 2019	Democratic	104th (1995–1997)	Died in office^[bl]^[104]
					THRU
					116th (2019–2021)
Julia Carson (1938–2007)	Indiana's 10th	January 3, 1997	January 3, 2003	Democratic	105th (1997–1999)	Died in office^[bm]^[105]
					THRU
					107th (2001–2003)
	Indiana's 7th	January 3, 2003	December 15, 2007		108th (2003–2005)
					THRU
					110th (2007–2009)
Danny K. Davis (born 1941)	Illinois's 7th	January 3, 1997	Incumbent	Democratic	105th (1997–1999)	^[106]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Harold Ford Jr. (born 1970)	Tennessee's 9th	January 3, 1997	January 3, 2007	Democratic	105th (1997–1999)	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate^[bn]^[107]
					THRU
					109th (2005–2007)
Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick (born 1945)	Michigan's 15th	January 3, 1997	January 3, 2003	Democratic	105th (1997–1999)	Lost renomination^[bo]^[108]
					THRU
					107th (2001–2003)
	Michigan's 13th	January 3, 2003	January 3, 2011		108th (2003–2005)
					THRU
					111th (2009–2011)
Gregory Meeks (born 1953)	New York's 6th	February 3, 1998	January 3, 2013	Democratic	105th (1997–1999)	^[bp]^[109]
					THRU
					112th (2011–2013)
	New York's 5th	January 3, 2013	Incumbent		113th (2013–2015)
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Barbara Lee (born 1946)	California's 9th	April 7, 1998	January 3, 2013	Democratic	105th (1997–1999)	^[bq]^[110]
					THRU
					112th (2011–2013)
	California's 13th	January 3, 2013	Incumbent		113th (2013–2015)
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Stephanie Tubbs Jones (1949–2008)	Ohio's 11th	January 3, 1999	August 20, 2008	Democratic	106th (1999–2001)	Died in office^[111]
					THRU
					110th (2007–2009)
Lacy Clay (born 1956)	Missouri's 1st	January 3, 2001	January 3, 2021	Democratic	107th (2001–2003)	Lost renomination^[br]^[112]
					THRU
					116th (2019–2021)
Diane Watson (born 1933)	California's 32nd	June 5, 2001	January 3, 2003	Democratic	107th (2001–2003)	Retired^[bs]^[113]
	California's 33rd	January 3, 2003	January 3, 2011		108th (2003–2005)
					THRU
					111th (2009–2011)
Frank Ballance (1942–2019)	North Carolina's 1st	January 3, 2003	June 11, 2004	Democratic	108th (2003–2005)	Resigned after being convicted of mail fraud and money laundering^[114]
Artur Davis (born 1967)	Alabama's 7th	January 3, 2003	January 3, 2011	Democratic	108th (2003–2005)	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for Governor of Alabama.^[bt]^[115]
					THRU
					111th (2009–2011)
Denise Majette (born 1955)	Georgia's 4th	January 3, 2003	January 3, 2005	Democratic	108th (2003–2005)	Retired from office to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate^[116]
Kendrick Meek (born 1966)	Florida's 17th	January 3, 2003	January 3, 2011	Democratic	108th (2003–2005)	Retired from office to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate^[bu]^[117]
					THRU
					111th (2009–2011)
David Scott (born 1945)	Georgia's 13th	January 3, 2003	Incumbent	Democratic	108th (2003–2005)	^[118]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
G. K. Butterfield (born 1947)	North Carolina's 1st	July 20, 2004	Incumbent	Democratic	108th (2003–2005)	^[bv]^[119]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Emanuel Cleaver (born 1944)	Missouri's 5th	January 3, 2005	Incumbent	Democratic	109th (2005–2007)	^[bw]^[120]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Al Green (born 1947)	Texas's 9th	January 3, 2005	Incumbent	Democratic	109th (2005–2007)	^[121]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Gwen Moore (born 1951)	Wisconsin's 4th	January 3, 2005	Incumbent	Democratic	109th (2005–2007)	^[bx]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Yvette Clarke (born 1964)	New York's 11th	January 3, 2007	January 3, 2013	Democratic	110th (2007–2009)	^[123]
					THRU
					112th (2011–2013)
	New York's 9th	January 3, 2013	Incumbent		113th (2013–2015)
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Keith Ellison (born 1963)	Minnesota's 5th	January 3, 2007	January 3, 2019	Democratic	110th (2007–2009)	Retired to run successfully for Attorney General of Minnesota^[by]^[124]
					THRU
					115th (2017–2019)
Hank Johnson (born 1954)	Georgia's 4th	January 3, 2007	Incumbent	Democratic	110th (2007–2009)	^[125]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Laura Richardson (born 1962)	California's 37th	August 21, 2007	January 3, 2013	Democratic	110th (2007–2009)	Lost reelection^[bz]^[126]
					111th (2009–2011)
					112th (2011–2013)
André Carson (born 1974)	Indiana's 7th	March 11, 2008	Incumbent	Democratic	110th (2007–2009)	^[ca]^[127]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Donna Edwards (born 1958)	Maryland's 4th	June 17, 2008	January 3, 2017	Democratic	110th (2007–2009)	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate^[cb]^[128]
					THRU
					114th (2015–2017)
Marcia Fudge (born 1952)	Ohio's 11th	November 18, 2008	March 10, 2021	Democratic	110th (2007–2009)	Resigned to become Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.^[cc]^[129]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Karen Bass (born 1953)	California's 33rd	January 3, 2011	January 3, 2013	Democratic	112th (2011–2013)	^[130]
	California's 37th	January 3, 2013	Incumbent		113th (2013–2015)
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Hansen Clarke (born 1957)	Michigan's 13th	January 3, 2011	January 3, 2013	Democratic	112th (2011–2013)	Lost renomination^[131]
Cedric Richmond (born 1973)	Louisiana's 2nd	January 3, 2011	January 15, 2021	Democratic	112th (2011–2013)	Resigned to become Senior Advisor to the President and Director of the Office of Public Engagement^[cd]^[132]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Tim Scott (born 1965)	South Carolina's 1st	January 3, 2011	January 2, 2013	Republican	112th (2011–2013)	Resigned to become United States Senator following appointment.^[ce]^[133]
Terri Sewell (born 1965)	Alabama's 7th	January 3, 2011	Incumbent	Democratic	112th (2011–2013)	^[cf]^[134]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Allen West (born 1961)	Florida's 22nd	January 3, 2011	January 3, 2013	Republican	112th (2011–2013)	Lost reelection^[135]
Frederica Wilson (born 1942)	Florida's 17th	January 3, 2011	January 3, 2013	Democratic	112th (2011–2013)	^[136]
	Florida's 24th	January 3, 2013	Incumbent		113th (2013–2015)
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Donald Payne Jr. (born 1958)	New Jersey's 10th	November 6, 2012	Incumbent	Democratic	112th (2011–2013)	^[cg]^[137]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Joyce Beatty (born 1950)	Ohio's 3rd	January 3, 2013	Incumbent	Democratic	113th (2013–2015)	^[138]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Steven Horsford (born 1973)	Nevada's 4th	January 3, 2013	January 3, 2015	Democratic	113th (2013–2015)	Lost reelection^[ch]^[139]
		January 3, 2019	Incumbent		116th (2019–2021)
		January 3, 2019	Incumbent		117th (2021–2023)
Hakeem Jeffries (born 1970)	New York's 8th	January 3, 2013	Incumbent	Democratic	113th (2013–2015)	^[140]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Marc Veasey (born 1971)	Texas's 33rd	January 3, 2013	Incumbent	Democratic	113th (2013–2015)	^[141]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Robin Kelly (born 1956)	Illinois's 2nd	April 9, 2013	Incumbent	Democratic	113th (2013–2015)	^[ci]^[142]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Alma Adams (born 1946)	North Carolina's 12th	November 12, 2014	Incumbent	Democratic	113th (2013–2015)	^[cj]^[143]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Bonnie Watson Coleman (born 1945)	New Jersey's 12th	January 3, 2015	Incumbent	Democratic	114th (2015–2017)	^[144]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Will Hurd (born 1977)	Texas's 23rd	January 3, 2015	January 3, 2021	Republican	114th (2015–2017)	Retired^[145]
					115th (2017–2019)
					116th (2019–2021)
Brenda Lawrence (born 1954)	Michigan's 14th	January 3, 2015	Incumbent	Democratic	114th (2015–2017)	^[146]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Mia Love (born 1975)	Utah's 4th	January 3, 2015	January 3, 2019	Republican	114th (2015–2017)	Lost reelection^[ck]^[148]
Mia Love (born 1975)	Utah's 4th	January 3, 2015	January 3, 2019	Republican	115th (2017–2019)	Lost reelection^[ck]^[148]
Dwight Evans (born 1954)	Pennsylvania's 2nd	November 8, 2016	Incumbent	Democratic	114th (2015–2017)	^[cl]^[149]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Anthony G. Brown (born 1961)	Maryland's 4th	January 3, 2017	Incumbent	Democratic	115th (2017–2019)	^[150]
					116th (2019–2021)
					117th (2021–2023)
Val Demings (born 1957)	Florida's 10th	January 3, 2017	Incumbent	Democratic	115th (2017–2019)	^[151]
					116th (2019–2021)
					117th (2021–2023)
Al Lawson (born 1948)	Florida's 5th	January 3, 2017	Incumbent	Democratic	115th (2017–2019)	^[152]
					116th (2019–2021)
					117th (2021–2023)
Donald McEachin (born 1961)	Virginia's 4th	January 3, 2017	Incumbent	Democratic	115th (2017–2019)	^[153]
					116th (2019–2021)
					117th (2021–2023)
Lisa Blunt Rochester (born 1962)	Delaware's at-large	January 3, 2017	Incumbent	Democratic	115th (2017–2019)	^[cm]^[154]^[155]
					116th (2019–2021)
					117th (2021–2023)
Brenda Jones (born 1959)	Michigan's 13th	November 29, 2018	January 3, 2019	Democratic	115th (2017–2019)	Lost nomination to the next term^[cn]^[156]
Colin Allred (born 1983)	Texas's 32nd	January 3, 2019	Incumbent	Democratic	116th (2019–2021)	^[157]
Colin Allred (born 1983)	Texas's 32nd	January 3, 2019	Incumbent	Democratic	117th (2021–2023)	^[157]
Antonio Delgado (born 1977)	New York's 19th	January 3, 2019	Incumbent	Democratic	116th (2019–2021)	^[158]
Antonio Delgado (born 1977)	New York's 19th	January 3, 2019	Incumbent	Democratic	117th (2021–2023)	^[158]
Jahana Hayes (born 1973)	Connecticut's 5th	January 3, 2019	Incumbent	Democratic	116th (2019–2021)	^[co]^[159]
Jahana Hayes (born 1973)	Connecticut's 5th	January 3, 2019	Incumbent	Democratic	117th (2021–2023)	^[co]^[159]
Lucy McBath (born 1960)	Georgia's 6th	January 3, 2019	Incumbent	Democratic	116th (2019–2021)	^[160]
Lucy McBath (born 1960)	Georgia's 6th	January 3, 2019	Incumbent	Democratic	117th (2021–2023)	^[160]
Joe Neguse (born 1984)	Colorado's 2nd	January 3, 2019	Incumbent	Democratic	116th (2019–2021)	^[cp]^[161]^[162]
Joe Neguse (born 1984)	Colorado's 2nd	January 3, 2019	Incumbent	Democratic	117th (2021–2023)	^[cp]^[161]^[162]
Ilhan Omar (born 1981)	Minnesota's 5th	January 3, 2019	Incumbent	Democratic	116th (2019–2021)	^[cq]^[163]
Ilhan Omar (born 1981)	Minnesota's 5th	January 3, 2019	Incumbent	Democratic	117th (2021–2023)	^[cq]^[163]
Ayanna Pressley (born 1974)	Massachusetts's 7th	January 3, 2019	Incumbent	Democratic	116th (2019–2021)	^[cr]^[164]
Ayanna Pressley (born 1974)	Massachusetts's 7th	January 3, 2019	Incumbent	Democratic	117th (2021–2023)	^[cr]^[164]
Lauren Underwood (born 1986)	Illinois's 14th	January 3, 2019	Incumbent	Democratic	116th (2019–2021)	^[165]
Lauren Underwood (born 1986)	Illinois's 14th	January 3, 2019	Incumbent	Democratic	117th (2021–2023)	^[165]
Kwanza Hall (born 1971)	Georgia's 5th	December 3, 2020	January 3, 2021	Democratic	116th (2019–2021)	Retired^[cs]^[166]
Jamaal Bowman (born 1976)	New York's 16th	January 3, 2021	Incumbent	Democratic	117th (2021–2023)	^[167]
Cori Bush (born 1976)	Missouri's 1st	January 3, 2021	Incumbent	Democratic	117th (2021–2023)	^[168]
Byron Donalds (born 1978)	Florida's 19th	January 3, 2021	Incumbent	Republican	117th (2021–2023)	^[169]
Mondaire Jones (born 1987)	New York's 17th	January 3, 2021	Incumbent	Democratic	117th (2021–2023)	^[170]
Burgess Owens (born 1951)	Utah's 4th	January 3, 2021	Incumbent	Republican	117th (2021–2023)	^[171]
Marilyn Strickland (born 1962)	Washington's 10th	January 3, 2021	Incumbent	Democratic	117th (2021–2023)	^[ct]^[172]
Ritchie Torres (born 1988)	New York's 15th	January 3, 2021	Incumbent	Democratic	117th (2021–2023)	^[cu]^[173]^[174]
Nikema Williams (born 1978)	Georgia's 5th	January 3, 2021	Incumbent	Democratic	117th (2021–2023)	^[175]
Troy Carter (born 1963)	Louisiana's 2nd	May 11, 2021	Incumbent	Democratic	117th (2021–2023)	^[176]
Shontel Brown (born 1975)	Ohio's 11th	November 4, 2021	Incumbent	Democratic	117th (2021–2023)	^[177]
Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick (born 1979)	Florida's 20th	January 18, 2022	Incumbent	Democratic	117th (2021–2023)	^[178]

House delegates (non-voting members)[]

(Note: Delegates are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)

Political parties

Democratic Republican Independent

	Congressional district	Took office	Left office	Party	Congress	Note
Walter Fauntroy (born 1933)	District of Columbia's at-large	March 23, 1971	January 3, 1991	Democratic	92nd (1971–1973)	Retired to run unsuccessfully for Mayor of the District of Columbia.^[cv]^[179]
					THRU
					101st (1989–1991)
Melvin H. Evans (1917–1984)	Virgin Islands' at-large	January 3, 1979	January 3, 1981	Republican	96th (1979–1981)	Lost reelection^[cw]^[180]
Eleanor Holmes Norton (born 1937)	District of Columbia's at-large	January 3, 1991	Incumbent	Democratic	102nd (1991–1993)	^[181]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)
Victor O. Frazer (born 1943)	Virgin Islands' at-large	January 3, 1995	January 3, 1997	Independent	104th (1995–1997)	Lost reelection^[182]
Donna Christian-Christensen (born 1945)	Virgin Islands' at-large	January 3, 1997	January 3, 2015	Democratic	105th (1997–1999)	Retired to run unsuccessfully for Governor of Virgin Islands.^[cx]^[183]
					THRU
					113th (2013–2015)
Stacey Plaskett (born 1966)	Virgin Islands' at-large	January 3, 2015	Incumbent	Democratic	114th (2015–2017)	^[184]
					THRU
					117th (2021–2023)

African Americans elected to the House of Representatives, but not seated[]

Political party

Republican

Representative–elect			Congressional district	Took office	Left office	Party	Congress	Former slave?	Note
		John Willis Menard (1838–1893)	Louisiana's 2nd	Elected in 1868, but denied seat		Republican	41st (1869–1871)	No	Denied seat due to a contested election that involved Caleb S. Hunt, but was permitted to address the House while in session, the first African American to do so.^[cy]^[186]
		P. B. S. Pinchback (1837–1921)	Louisiana's at-large	Elected in 1872, but denied seat		Republican	43rd (1873–1875)	No	Denied seat due to a contested election that involved George A. Sheridan.^[187]^[188]

Notes[]

^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Benjamin Whittemore. First African American to serve in the United States House of Representatives and the first to serve in Congress from South Carolina.
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the House of Representatives denial to seat Samuel F. Gove. First African American to serve in Congress from Georgia.
^ The seat remained vacant until March 1873.
^ Elected in November 1874 to the South Carolina House of Representatives.
^ First African American to serve in Congress from Alabama.
^ First African American to serve in Congress from Florida.
^ Seated in Congress after contested election that involved James Chalmers in 1882.^[15] First African American to serve in the United States House of Representatives from Mississippi. Youngest member of the 43rd United States Congress at age 26.
^ Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina (1870-1872)
^ First African American to serve in Congress from North Carolina.
^ First African American to serve in Congress from Louisiana.
^ Seated in Congress after contested election that involved George Tillman in 1882.^[22] Elected in 1884 to fill vacancy caused by death of Edmund Mackey.
^ Brother-in-law of George Henry White.
^ Seated in Congress after the contested election that involved Edward Venable in September 1890.^[26] First African American to serve in Congress from Virginia.
^ Seated in Congress after contested election that involved William Elliott in September 1890.
^ Seated in Congress after contested election that involved William Elliott in June 1896.^[30] Distant relative of Jim Clyburn.
^ Brother-in-law of Henry P. Cheatham. The last African American to serve in Congress from a Southern state until Barbara Jordan from Texas and Andrew Young from Georgia in 1973.
^ First African American to serve in Congress from Illinois and the first to serve from outside the southern states.
^ First African American to be elected to Congress as a member of the Democratic party.
^ Excluded from membership in the 90th United States Congress in February 1967. Reelected to fill vacancy caused by exclusion from membership, but did not take oath of office. First African American to serve in Congress from New York.
^ First African American to serve in Congress from Michigan. The first person to serve as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 91st United States Congress during the first session.
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Earl Chudoff in 1958. First African American to serve in Congress from Pennsylvania.
^ First African American to serve in Congress from California.
^ First African American to become Dean of the United States House of Representatives.
^ First African-American woman to serve in Congress and the first African-American woman to run as a presidential candidate in 1972.
^ His son, Lacy Clay, succeeded him in office. First African American to serve in Congress from Missouri.
^ First African American to serve in Congress from Ohio. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 92nd United States Congress during the second session and in the 93rd United States Congress during the first session.
^ Elected to Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Daniel Ronan. Collins' wife, Cardiss Collins, filled the vacancy caused by his death.
^ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 101st United States Congress.
^ First African-American Catholic in the United States Congress. Metcalfe converted to the Catholic Church in 1932, while an undergraduate at Marquette University.^[46]^[47]
^ First African American to serve in Congress from Maryland. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 95th United States Congress.
^ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 93rd United States Congress during the second session and in the 94th United States Congress during the first session.
^ First woman to serve as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 94th United States Congress during the second session.
^ First African American to serve in Congress from Texas. Along with Andrew Young from Georgia, the first African American to serve in Congress from a Southern state since George Henry White from North Carolina in 1901.
^ Along with Barbara Jordan from Texas, the first African American to serve in Congress from a Southern state since George Henry White from North Carolina in 1901.
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of her husband, George W. Collins. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 96th United States Congress.
^ His son, Harold Ford Jr. succeeded him in office. First African American to serve in Congress from Tennessee.
^ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 98th United States Congress.
^ Served as chair for the House Democratic Caucus during the 101st United States Congress and House Democratic Whip during the 102nd United States Congress.
^ Served as chair for the Congressional Black Caucus in the 99th United States Congress.
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Charles Diggs.
^ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 100th United States Congress.
^ Elected to Congress to fill vacancy caused by the death of Adam Benjamin Jr. First African American to serve in Congress from Indiana.
^ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 102nd United States Congress.
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Harold Washington.
^ Elected to Congress to fill vacancy caused by the death of Joseph Addabbo.
^ Served as Democratic chief whip in the 102nd through 109th Congresses. Also, served as the Democratic Senior Chief Deputy Whip in the 110th through 112th Congresses.
^ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 103rd United States Congress. Also, served as co-chair of the Democratic Policy Committee in the 104th United States Congress. Subsequently elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Elijah Cummings.
^ His son, Donald Payne Jr., succeeded him in office. First African American to serve in Congress from New Jersey. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 104th United States Congress.
^ Elected to office to fill vacancy caused by death of Mickey Leland.
^ First African American to serve in Congress from Connecticut.
^ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 105th United States Congress. Served as vice chair of the Democratic Steering Committee in the 105th through 108th Congresses. Served as Democratic chief deputy whip in the 106th through 112th Congresses.
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of William H. Gray.
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Walter B. Jones Sr.. Served as co-chair of the Democratic Policy Committee in the 104th United States Congress.
^ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 106th United States Congress. Served as vice chair of the House Democratic Caucus in the 108th through 109th Congresses. Served as House majority whip in the 110th through 111th Congresses. Served as the Assistant Democratic Leader in the 112th United States Congress. Distant relative of George W. Murray.
^ Youngest member of the 103rd United States Congress at age 30.
^ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 107th United States Congress.
^ Her son, Kendrick Meek, succeeded her in office.
^ Tucker was sentenced to 27 months in prison.
^ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 109th United States Congress.
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Mike Espy.
^ First African American to serve in Congress from Oklahoma. Served as chair of the House Republican Conference in the 106th through 107th Congresses.
^ He was sentenced to 30 months in federal prison. Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Mel Reynolds.
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Walter Tucker.
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Kweisi Mfume. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 108th United States Congress.
^ Carson's grandson, André Carson, filled the vacancy caused by her death.
^ Succeeded his father, Harold Ford Sr., in office. Youngest member of the 105th United States Congress at age 26.
^ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 110th United States Congress.
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Floyd H. Flake.
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Ron Dellums. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 111th United States Congress.
^ Succeeded his father, Bill Clay, in office.
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Julian C. Dixon.
^ Became a member of the Republican Party in 2012.
^ Succeeded his mother, Carrie P. Meek, in office.
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Frank Ballance. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 114th United States Congress.
^ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 112th United States Congress.
^ First African American to serve in Congress from Wisconsin.^[122]
^ First African American to serve in Congress from Minnesota and the first Muslim to serve in Congress.
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Juanita Millender-McDonald. In 2012 was reprimanded due to use of Congressional office staff in 2010 House election campaign.
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of his grandmother, Julia Carson.
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Albert Wynn.
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Stephanie Tubbs Jones. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 113th United States Congress.
^ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 115th United States Congress.
^ Served as Republican assistant majority whip in the 112th United States Congress. First African American to serve in both chambers of the United States Congress.
^ Served as Democratic senior whip in the 112th United States Congress.
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of his father, Donald M. Payne.
^ First African American to serve in Congress from Nevada.
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Jesse Jackson Jr..
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Mel Watt.
^ First female African-American Republican to serve in Congress, first African American to serve in Congress from Utah and first Haitian American to serve in Congress. Also the first African-American Latter Day Saint elected to Congress after converting in 1998.^[147]
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Chaka Fattah.
^ First African American to serve in Congress from Delaware.
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of John Conyers.
^ First African-American woman to serve in Congress from Connecticut.
^ First African American to serve in Congress from Colorado and first Eritrean American to serve in Congress.
^ First Somali-American to serve in Congress. Along with Rashida Tlaib, the first Muslim-American woman to serve in Congress.
^ First African-American woman to serve in Congress from Massachusetts.
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of John Lewis, for a term that ended at the conclusion of the 116th United States Congress on January 3, 2021.
^ First African American to serve in Congress from Washington. Also first Afro-Asian woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.^[172]
^ First LGBTQ African American to serve in Congress.^[173]
^ First African American to serve as a delegate for the District of Columbia. Elected to serve in Congress after the District of Columbia was authorized to elect a Delegate by the District of Columbia Delegate Act of 1970. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 97th United States Congress.
^ First African American to serve in Congress from the Virgin Islands.
^ First woman elected to serve in Congress from the Virgin Islands.
^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of James Mann.^[185] First African American elected to Congress, but denied seat.

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^ Burke, Melissa Nann (November 29, 2018). "Jones Sworn into Congress After Deal Reached". The Detroit News. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
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^ Cole, Devan; Serfaty, Sunlen (January 3, 2019). "On the Eve of Her Swearing-in to Congress, Rep.-elect Ilhan Omar Remembers Arriving as a Refugee to the US". CNN. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
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^ Marcos, Christina (November 16, 2020). "Mcadams Concedes to Owens in Competitive Utah District". The Hill. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Marilyn Strickland's Black and Korean American Roots are Historic 1st for Congress". NBC News. The Associated Press. November 6, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
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External links[]

African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870–2018 A 51-page history produced by the Congressional Research Service, a legislative branch agency within the Library of Congress.
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–present Perform search of desired representative or delegate by last name, first name, position, state, party, by year or congress.
C-SPAN videos that discuss the history of African Americans in Congress:
- Black Americans in Congress, 1870–2007 A C-SPAN video with Matthew Wasniewski, historian of the United States House of Representatives, as the presenter. He discusses the history of African Americans in Congress from 1870 to 2007. The video is 164 minutes in length.
- African Americans in Congress in the 19th Century A C-SPAN video with Matthew Wasniewski and Farar Elliott, historian and curator respectively of the United States House of Representatives, as the presenters. They discuss the history of African Americans in Congress during the nineteenth century. The video is 28:54 minutes in length.
- African Americans in Congress in the 20th Century A C-SPAN video with Ron Dellums, the former representative of the United States House of Representatives from California's 9th congressional district, and Matthew Wasniewski and Farar Elliott, historian and curator respectively of the United States House of Representatives, as the presenters. They discuss the history of African Americans in Congress during the twentieth century. The video is 43:59 minutes in length.
Black Americans in Congress Maintained by the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. The website serves as an ongoing supplement to the book, Black Americans in Congress, 1870–2007.
Major African American Office Holders Since 1641 Includes a listing for the United States Senate. Maintained by Blackpast.org.

[5] Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Benjamin Whittemore. First African American to serve in the United States House of Representatives and the first to serve in Congress from South Carolina.

[7] Elected to fill vacancy caused by the House of Representatives denial to seat Samuel F. Gove. First African American to serve in Congress from Georgia.

[10] The seat remained vacant until March 1873.

[12] Elected in November 1874 to the South Carolina House of Representatives.

[14] First African American to serve in Congress from Alabama.

[18] First African American to serve in Congress from Florida.

[22] Seated in Congress after contested election that involved James Chalmers in 1882.^[15] First African American to serve in the United States House of Representatives from Mississippi. Youngest member of the 43rd United States Congress at age 26.

[24] Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina (1870-1872)

[28] First African American to serve in Congress from North Carolina.

[30] First African American to serve in Congress from Louisiana.

[33] Seated in Congress after contested election that involved George Tillman in 1882.^[22] Elected in 1884 to fill vacancy caused by death of Edmund Mackey.

[36] Brother-in-law of George Henry White.

[39] Seated in Congress after the contested election that involved Edward Venable in September 1890.^[26] First African American to serve in Congress from Virginia.

[41] Seated in Congress after contested election that involved William Elliott in September 1890.

[45] Seated in Congress after contested election that involved William Elliott in June 1896.^[30] Distant relative of Jim Clyburn.

[47] Brother-in-law of Henry P. Cheatham. The last African American to serve in Congress from a Southern state until Barbara Jordan from Texas and Andrew Young from Georgia in 1973.

[49] First African American to serve in Congress from Illinois and the first to serve from outside the southern states.

[51] First African American to be elected to Congress as a member of the Democratic party.

[54] Excluded from membership in the 90th United States Congress in February 1967. Reelected to fill vacancy caused by exclusion from membership, but did not take oath of office. First African American to serve in Congress from New York.

[56] First African American to serve in Congress from Michigan. The first person to serve as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 91st United States Congress during the first session.

[58] Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Earl Chudoff in 1958. First African American to serve in Congress from Pennsylvania.

[60] First African American to serve in Congress from California.

[62] First African American to become Dean of the United States House of Representatives.

[64] First African-American woman to serve in Congress and the first African-American woman to run as a presidential candidate in 1972.

[66] His son, Lacy Clay, succeeded him in office. First African American to serve in Congress from Missouri.

[68] First African American to serve in Congress from Ohio. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 92nd United States Congress during the second session and in the 93rd United States Congress during the first session.

[70] Elected to Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Daniel Ronan. Collins' wife, Cardiss Collins, filled the vacancy caused by his death.

[72] Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 101st United States Congress.

[76] First African-American Catholic in the United States Congress. Metcalfe converted to the Catholic Church in 1932, while an undergraduate at Marquette University.^[46]^[47]

[78] First African American to serve in Congress from Maryland. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 95th United States Congress.

[80] Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 93rd United States Congress during the second session and in the 94th United States Congress during the first session.

[82] First woman to serve as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 94th United States Congress during the second session.

[84] First African American to serve in Congress from Texas. Along with Andrew Young from Georgia, the first African American to serve in Congress from a Southern state since George Henry White from North Carolina in 1901.

[86] Along with Barbara Jordan from Texas, the first African American to serve in Congress from a Southern state since George Henry White from North Carolina in 1901.

[88] Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of her husband, George W. Collins. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 96th United States Congress.

[90] His son, Harold Ford Jr. succeeded him in office. First African American to serve in Congress from Tennessee.

[92] Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 98th United States Congress.

[94] Served as chair for the House Democratic Caucus during the 101st United States Congress and House Democratic Whip during the 102nd United States Congress.

[96] Served as chair for the Congressional Black Caucus in the 99th United States Congress.

[99] Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Charles Diggs.

[101] Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 100th United States Congress.

[105] Elected to Congress to fill vacancy caused by the death of Adam Benjamin Jr. First African American to serve in Congress from Indiana.

[108] Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 102nd United States Congress.

[111] Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Harold Washington.

[113] Elected to Congress to fill vacancy caused by the death of Joseph Addabbo.

[117] Served as Democratic chief whip in the 102nd through 109th Congresses. Also, served as the Democratic Senior Chief Deputy Whip in the 110th through 112th Congresses.

[119] Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 103rd United States Congress. Also, served as co-chair of the Democratic Policy Committee in the 104th United States Congress. Subsequently elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Elijah Cummings.

[121] His son, Donald Payne Jr., succeeded him in office. First African American to serve in Congress from New Jersey. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 104th United States Congress.

[123] Elected to office to fill vacancy caused by death of Mickey Leland.

[126] First African American to serve in Congress from Connecticut.

[129] Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 105th United States Congress. Served as vice chair of the Democratic Steering Committee in the 105th through 108th Congresses. Served as Democratic chief deputy whip in the 106th through 112th Congresses.

[131] Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of William H. Gray.

[133] Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Walter B. Jones Sr.. Served as co-chair of the Democratic Policy Committee in the 104th United States Congress.

[137] Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 106th United States Congress. Served as vice chair of the House Democratic Caucus in the 108th through 109th Congresses. Served as House majority whip in the 110th through 111th Congresses. Served as the Assistant Democratic Leader in the 112th United States Congress. Distant relative of George W. Murray.

[139] Youngest member of the 103rd United States Congress at age 30.

[144] Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 107th United States Congress.

[147] Her son, Kendrick Meek, succeeded her in office.

[152] Tucker was sentenced to 27 months in prison.

[154] Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 109th United States Congress.

[157] Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Mike Espy.

[161] First African American to serve in Congress from Oklahoma. Served as chair of the House Republican Conference in the 106th through 107th Congresses.

[163] He was sentenced to 30 months in federal prison. Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Mel Reynolds.

[165] Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Walter Tucker.

[167] Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Kweisi Mfume. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 108th United States Congress.

[169] Carson's grandson, André Carson, filled the vacancy caused by her death.

[172] Succeeded his father, Harold Ford Sr., in office. Youngest member of the 105th United States Congress at age 26.

[174] Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 110th United States Congress.

[176] Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Floyd H. Flake.

[178] Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Ron Dellums. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 111th United States Congress.

[181] Succeeded his father, Bill Clay, in office.

[183] Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Julian C. Dixon.

[186] Became a member of the Republican Party in 2012.

[189] Succeeded his mother, Carrie P. Meek, in office.

[192] Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Frank Ballance. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 114th United States Congress.

[194] Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 112th United States Congress.

[198] First African American to serve in Congress from Wisconsin.^[122]

[200] First African American to serve in Congress from Minnesota and the first Muslim to serve in Congress.

[203] Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Juanita Millender-McDonald. In 2012 was reprimanded due to use of Congressional office staff in 2010 House election campaign.

[205] Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of his grandmother, Julia Carson.

[207] Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Albert Wynn.

[209] Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Stephanie Tubbs Jones. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 113th United States Congress.

[213] Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 115th United States Congress.

[215] Served as Republican assistant majority whip in the 112th United States Congress. First African American to serve in both chambers of the United States Congress.

[217] Served as Democratic senior whip in the 112th United States Congress.

[221] Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of his father, Donald M. Payne.

[224] First African American to serve in Congress from Nevada.

[228] Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Jesse Jackson Jr..

[230] Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Mel Watt.

[236] First female African-American Republican to serve in Congress, first African American to serve in Congress from Utah and first Haitian American to serve in Congress. Also the first African-American Latter Day Saint elected to Congress after converting in 1998.^[147]

[238] Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Chaka Fattah.

[244] First African American to serve in Congress from Delaware.

[247] Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of John Conyers.

[251] First African-American woman to serve in Congress from Connecticut.

[254] First African American to serve in Congress from Colorado and first Eritrean American to serve in Congress.

[257] First Somali-American to serve in Congress. Along with Rashida Tlaib, the first Muslim-American woman to serve in Congress.

[259] First African-American woman to serve in Congress from Massachusetts.

[262] Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of John Lewis, for a term that ended at the conclusion of the 116th United States Congress on January 3, 2021.

[270] First African American to serve in Congress from Washington. Also first Afro-Asian woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.^[172]

[272] First LGBTQ African American to serve in Congress.^[173]

[278] First African American to serve as a delegate for the District of Columbia. Elected to serve in Congress after the District of Columbia was authorized to elect a Delegate by the District of Columbia Delegate Act of 1970. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 97th United States Congress.

[280] First African American to serve in Congress from the Virgin Islands.

[284] First woman elected to serve in Congress from the Virgin Islands.

[288] Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of James Mann.^[185] First African American elected to Congress, but denied seat.

[1] "Black Americans in Congress". Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. Retrieved June 20, 2017.

[2] "2020 Census Questions: Race". Archived from the original on March 12, 2020.

[3] "Time Line of African American History, 1881-1900". Library of Congress. Retrieved October 22, 2007.

[Terkel-4] Terkel, Amanda (September 27, 2012). "Senate Likely To Remain Without Black Members For Years". Retrieved February 9, 2013.

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[15] "Turner, Benjamin Sterling, (1825 - 1894)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

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[17] Rowell, Chester Harvey (1901). A Historical and Legal Digest of all the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789-1901. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. pp. 305–308. ISBN 9785880686292.

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[21] Rowell, Chester Harvey (1901). A Historical and Legal Digest of all the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789-1901. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. pp. 375–378. ISBN 9785880686292.

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[25] "Ransier, Alonzo Jacob, (1834 - 1882)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[26] "Rapier, James Thomas, (1837 - 1883)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[27] "Haralson, Jeremiah, (1846 - 1916)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[29] "Hyman, John Adams, (1840 - 1891)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[31] "Nash, Charles Edmund, (1844 - 1913)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[32] Rowell, Chester Harvey (1901). A Historical and Legal Digest of all the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789-1901. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. pp. 381–384. ISBN 9785880686292.

[34] "Smalls, Robert, (1839 - 1915)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[O’Hara-35] "O'Hara, James Edward, (1844 - 1905)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[37] "Cheatham, Henry Plummer, (1857 - 1935)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[38] Rowell, Chester Harvey (1901). A Historical and Legal Digest of all the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789-1901. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. pp. 458–460. ISBN 9785880686292.

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[44] Rowell, Chester Harvey (1901). A Historical and Legal Digest of all the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789-1901. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. pp. 543–546. ISBN 9785880686292.

[46] "Murray, George Washington, (1853 - 1926)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[48] "White, George Henry, (1852 - 1918)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[50] "De Priest, Oscar Stanton, (1871 - 1951)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[52] "Mitchell, Arthur Wergs, (1883 - 1968)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[53] "Dawson, William Levi, (1886 - 1970)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[Powell,_Adam_Clayton,_Jr.-55] "Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., (1908 - 1972)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[57] "Diggs, Charles Coles, Jr., (1922 - 1998)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[59] "Nix, Robert Nelson Cornelius, Sr., (1898 - 1987)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[61] "Hawkins, Augustus Freeman (Gus), (1907 - 2007)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[63] "Conyers, John, Jr., (1929 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[65] "Chisholm, Shirley Anita, (1924 - 2005)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[67] "Clay, William Lacy, Sr., (1931 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[69] "Stokes, Louis, (1925 - 2015)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[71] "Collins, George Washington, (1925 - 1972)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[73] "Dellums, Ronald V., (1935–)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[74] Metcalfe, Ralph H. (1938). "A Race Well Run". Catholicism.org.

[75] Rhoads, Mark (November 13, 2006). "Illinois Hall of Fame: Ralph Metcalfe". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[77] "Metcalfe, Ralph Harold, (1910–1978)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[79] "Mitchell, Parren James, (1922–2007)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[81] "Rangel, Charles B., (1930–)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[83] "Burke, Yvonne Brathwaite, (1932–)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[85] "Jordan, Barbara Charline, (1936–1996)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[87] "Young, Andrew Jackson, Jr., (1932–)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[89] "Collins, Cardiss, (1931–2013)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[91] "Ford, Harold Eugene, (1945–)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[93] "Dixon, Julian Carey, (1934–2000)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[95] "Gray, William Herbert, III, (1941–2013)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[97] "Leland, George Thomas (Mickey), (1944 - 1989)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[98] "Stewart, Bennett McVey, (1912–1988)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[100] "Crockett, George William, Jr., (1909–1997)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[102] "Dymally, Mervyn Malcolm, (1926–2012)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[103] "Savage, Gus, (1925–2015)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[104] "Washington, Harold, (1922–1987)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[106] "Hall, Katie Beatrice, (1938–2012)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[107] "Owens, Major Robert Odell, (1936 - 2013)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[109] "Towns, Edolphus, (1934 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[110] "Wheat, Alan Dupree, (1951 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[112] "Hayes, Charles Arthur, (1918 - 1997)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[114] "Waldon, Alton R., Jr., (1936 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[115] "Espy, Alphonso Michael (Mike), (1953 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[116] "Flake, Floyd Harold, (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[118] "Lewis, John R., (1940–2020)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[120] "Mfume, Kweisi, (1948 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[122] "Payne, Donald Milford, (1934 - 2012)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[124] "Washington, Craig Anthony, (1941 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[125] "Collins, Barbara-Rose, (1939 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[127] "Franks, Gary A., (1953 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[128] "Jefferson, William Jennings, (1947 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[130] "Waters, Maxine, (1938 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[132] "Blackwell, Lucien Edward, (1931 - 2003)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[134] "Clayton, Eva M., (1934 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[135] "Bishop, Sanford Dixon, Jr., (1947 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[136] "Brown, Corrine, (1946 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[138] "Clyburn, James Enos, (1940 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[140] "Fields, Cleo, (1962 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[141] Man, Anthony (April 6, 2021). "Congressman Alcee Hastings, after career of triumph, calamity and comeback, dies at 84". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved April 6, 2021.

[142] "Hastings, Alcee Lamar, (1936 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[143] "Hilliard, Earl Frederick, (1942 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[145] "Johnson, Eddie Bernice, (1935 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[146] "McKinney, Cynthia Ann, (1955 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[148] "Meek, Carrie P., (1926 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[149] "Reynolds, Mel, (1952 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[150] "Rush, Bobby L., (1946 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[151] "Scott, Robert Cortez, (1947 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[153] "Tucker, Walter R., III, (1957 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[155] "Watt, Melvin L., (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[156] "Wynn, Albert Russell, (1951 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[158] "Thompson, Bennie, (1948 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[159] "Fattah, Chaka, (1956 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[160] "Jackson Lee, Sheila, (1950 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[162] "Watts, Julius Caesar, Jr. (J. C.), (1957 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[164] "Jackson, Jesse L., Jr., (1965 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[166] "Millender-McDonald, Juanita, (1938 - 2007)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[168] "Cummings, Elijah Eugene, (1951 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[170] "Carson, Julia May, (1938 - 2007)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[171] "Davis, Danny K., (1941 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[173] "Ford, Harold, Jr., (1970 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[175] "Kilpatrick, Carolyn Cheeks, (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[177] "Meeks, Gregory W., (1953 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[179] "Lee, Barbara, (1946 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[180] "Jones, Stephanie Tubbs, (1949 - 2008)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[182] "Clay, William Lacy, Jr., (1956 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[184] "Watson, Diane Edith, (1933 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[185] "Ballance, Frank W., Jr., (1942 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[187] "Davis, Artur, (1967 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Archived from the original on March 10, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[188] "Majette, Denise L., (1955 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[190] "Meek, Kendrick B., (1966 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

[191] "Scott, David, (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

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List of African-American United States representatives

Contents

Reconstruction and early post-Reconstruction era, 1870–1887[]

Late post-Reconstruction, Populist, and early Jim Crow era, 1887–1929[]

Late Jim Crow and Civil Rights era, 1929–1970[]

Modern era, 1971–present[]

Representatives[]

House delegates (non-voting members)[]

African Americans elected to the House of Representatives, but not seated[]

See also[]

Federal government[]

State and local government[]

Notes[]

References[]

Further reading[]

External links[]

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