1854 and 1855 United States House of Representatives elections

1854 and 1855 United States House of Representatives elections

← 1852 & 1853 August 4, 1854 – November 6, 1855 1856 & 1857 →
All 234 seats in the United States House of Representatives[1] 118 seats needed for a majority
First party Second party Third party   Leader William A. Richardson Henry M. Fuller Nathaniel P. Banks Party Democratic Whig Know Nothing Leader's seat Illinois 5th Pennsylvania 12th Massachusetts 7th Last election 150 seats 68 seats 0 seats Seats won 83[b][2][3] 54[c] 51[2][3][a] Seat change 69 14 51 Popular vote 1,418,553[d] 580,929 631,510 Percentage 43.95% 18.00% 19.56% Swing 5.87% 23.61% 19.25%   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Party Anti-Nebraska Republican People's Last election Pre-creation Pre-creation Pre-creation Seats won 22[c] 13[c] 9[4][c] Seat change 22 13 9 Popular vote 196,461 182,245 102,423 Percentage 6.09% 5.65% 3.17% Swing New Party New Party New Party   Seventh party Eighth party   Party Free Soil Independent Last election 4 seats 3 seats Seats won 1[c] 1[e] Seat change 3 2 Popular vote 22,928 84,196[f] Percentage 0.71% 2.61% Swing 3.28% 0.18%
Results:      Democratic gain      Whig gain      Democratic hold      Whig hold      American gain      Anti-Nebraska gain      Republican gain      People's gain      Independent gain
Speaker before election Linn Boyd Democratic Elected Speaker Nathaniel P. Banks Know Nothing/American

The 1854 and 1855 United States House of Representatives elections were held during President Franklin Pierce's term at various dates in different states from August 1854 to November 1855.

This midterm election was among the most disruptive in American history, auguring the collapse of the Second Party System.

Both major parties, the Democratic Party and the Whig Party, organized as rivals for roughly 20 years, lost critical voter support. Northern voters strongly opposed to the Kansas–Nebraska Act shifted sharply against Democrats, who lost 69 seats, nearly half their House delegation. Whigs also lost seats as the party disintegrated over slavery.

The elected majority temporarily coalesced as the Opposition Party. This transitional party included Whigs, Free Soil members, American Party members (or Know Nothings), the People's Party of Indiana, Anti-Nebraska candidates, disaffected Northern Democrats, and members of the nascent Republican Party, which would soon absorb most of these factions and replace the Whigs as rival to the Democrats.

Candidates opposed to the Democratic Party won widely in the North through November 1854. The American Party, ignoring slavery and opposing immigration (particularly by Catholics from Ireland and Germany) won seats from both major parties, but to the net loss of Democrats, in New England and the South from November 1854 into 1855.

Congress had passed the Kansas–Nebraska Act in May 1854 after aggressive sponsorship by the Pierce Administration and Democrats led by Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas, including radical pro-slavery legislators. The Act repealed the 1820 Missouri Compromise and triggered the Bleeding Kansas conflict. With widely foreseen risks and immediately negative results, the Act publicly discredited the Democratic Party, fueling new partisan and sectional rancor. It created violent uncertainty on the frontier by abruptly making slavery potentially legal in territories originally comprising the northern portion of the Louisiana Purchase and attractive to contemporary settlers. Settlers were expected to determine the status of slavery locally. This idea appealed to Democratic politicians and to some voters in its shape and intent, but proved unworkable in Kansas where the status of slavery would be violently disputed between more numerous Northern settlers and geographically closer Southern settlers. Even some pro-slavery legislators and voters, particularly Southern Whigs, felt repealing the Missouri Compromise was politically reckless and attempting to push slavery by law and force into territories where most settlers predictably were unlikely to want it endangered its continued legal protection anywhere, even in the South. These fears proved prescient.

More than 21 Representatives vied for the post of Speaker. After two months and 133 ballots, American Party Representative Nathaniel Banks of Massachusetts, also a Free Soiler, defeated Democrat William Aiken of South Carolina by plurality, 103-100.^[5] Banks is also the only Speaker from a third party to date.

Election summaries[]

State	Type	Date	Total seats	Opposition		Democratic		Know Nothing
				Seats	Change[g]	Seats	Change	Seats	Change
Arkansas	Districts	August 4, 1854	2	0		2		0
Iowa	Districts	August 7, 1854	2	1		1		0
Missouri	Districts		7	6	2	1	2	0
Vermont	Districts	September 5, 1854	3	3		0		0
California	At-large	September 6, 1854	2	0		2		0
Maine	Districts	September 11, 1854	6	5	2	1	2	0
Florida	At-large	October 2, 1854	1	0		1		0
South Carolina	Districts	October 9–10, 1854	6	0		6		0
Indiana	Districts	October 10, 1854	11	9	8	2	8	0
Ohio	Districts		21	21	12	0	12	0
Pennsylvania	Districts		25	17	8	7	9	1	1
Illinois	Districts	November 7, 1854 (Election Day)[h]	9	4		5		0
Michigan	Districts		4	3	3	1	3	0
New Jersey	Districts		5	4	3	1	3	0
New York	Districts		33	25	13	5	16	3	3
Wisconsin	Districts		3	2	2	1	2	0
Massachusetts	Districts	November 12, 1854	11	0	10	0	1	11	11
Delaware	At-large	November 14, 1854	1	0		0	1	1	1
Late elections (after the March 4, 1855 beginning of the term)
New Hampshire	Districts	March 13, 1855	3	0		0	3	3	3
Connecticut	Districts	April 2, 1855	4	0		0	4	4	4
Rhode Island	Districts	April 4, 1855	2	0		0	2	2	2
Virginia	Districts	May 24, 1855	13	0		12	1	1	1
North Carolina	Districts	August 2, 1855	8	0	3	5		3	3
Tennessee	Districts		10	0	5	5		5	5
Alabama	Districts	August 6, 1855	7	0	1	5	1	2	2
Kentucky	Districts		10	0	5	4	1	6	6
Texas	Districts		2	0		1	1	1	1
Georgia	Districts	October 1, 1855	8	0	2	6		2	2
Louisiana	Districts	November 5, 1855	4	0	1	3		1	1
Mississippi	Districts[i]	November 5–6, 1855	5	0		4	1	1	1
Maryland	Districts	November 6, 1855	6	0	2	2	2	4	4
Total			234	100[2][3] 42.7%	29[j]	83[2][3] 35.0%	75	51[2][3] 21.8%	51

↓

83	51	100
Democratic	Know Nothing	Opposition

Popular vote Democratic   43.95% Know Nothing   19.56% Whig   18.00% Anti-Nebraska   6.09% Republican   5.65% People's   3.17% Independent   2.61% Free Soil   0.71% Others   0.26%

House seats Democratic   34.62% Whig   23.08% Know Nothing   21.79% Anti-Nebraska   9.40% Republican   5.56% People's   3.85% Independent   0.43% Free Soil   0.43%

Special elections[]

There were two special elections to the 33rd United States Congress, listed here by date and district.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Pennsylvania 8	Henry A. Muhlenberg	Democratic	1852	Incumbent died January 9, 1854. New member elected February 4, 1854. Democratic hold.	Y Jehu Glancy Jones (Democratic) 60.01% William H. Keim (Whig) 39.99%
Massachusetts 1	Zeno Scudder	Whig	1850	Incumbent resigned March 4, 1854. New member elected April 17, 1854. Whig hold.	Y Thomas D. Eliot (Whig) 52.04% Abraham H. Howland (Independent) 47.96%
New York 12	Gilbert Dean	Democratic	1850	Incumbent resigned July 3, 1854. New member elected November 7, 1854. Whig gain.	Y Isaac Teller (Whig) 50.56% Samuel F. B. Morse (Soft-Shell Democratic) 31.27% Charles Robinson (Hard-Shell Democratic) 18.17%
Kentucky 3	Presley Ewing	Whig	1851	Incumbent died September 27, 1854. New member elected November 13, 1854. Whig hold.	Y Francis Bristow (Whig) 81.58% A. J. Halberson (Unknown) 18.42%

Alabama[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Alabama 1	Philip Phillips	Democratic	1853	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	Y Percy Walker (Know Nothing) 52.40% James Adams Stallworth (Democratic) 47.60%
Alabama 2	James Abercrombie	Whig	1851	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.	Y Eli Sims Shorter (Democratic) 54.89% Julius Caesar Alford (Know Nothing) 45.11%
Alabama 3	James Ferguson Dowdell	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	Y James Ferguson Dowdell (Democratic) 52.20% Thomas H. Watts (Know Nothing) 47.80%
Alabama 4	William Russell Smith	Democratic	1851	Incumbent re-elected. Know Nothing gain.	Y William Russell Smith (Know Nothing) 59.83% Sydenham Moore (Democratic) 40.17%
Alabama 5	George S. Houston	Democratic	1843	Incumbent re-elected.	Y George S. Houston (Democratic) 100.00% unopposed
Alabama 6	Williamson Robert Winfield Cobb	Democratic	1847	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Williamson Robert Winfield Cobb (Democratic) 62.87% James M. Adams (Independent) 37.13%
Alabama 7	Sampson Willis Harris	Democratic	1847	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Sampson Willis Harris (Democratic) [data unknown/missing]

Arkansas[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Arkansas 1	Alfred B. Greenwood	Democratic	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Alfred B. Greenwood (Democratic) 97.99% W.C. Myrtle (Independent) 2.01%
Arkansas 2	Edward A. Warren	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	Y Albert Rust (Democratic) 65.95% E.G. Walker (Whig) 34.05%

California[]

Note: From statehood to 1864, California's representatives were elected at-large, with the top two vote-getters winning election from 1849 to 1858.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
California at-large 2 seats	Milton S. Latham	Democratic	1852	Incumbent withdrew. New member elected. Democratic hold.	(Elected on a general ticket) Y James W. Denver (anti-Broderick Democratic) 22.41% Y Philemon T. Herbert (anti-Broderick Democratic) 22.24% George W. Bowie (Whig) 21.14% Calhoun Benham (Whig) 20.94% James Churchman (Broderick Democratic) 6.09% James A. McDougall (Broderick Democratic) 6.07% Milton S. Latham (Broderick Democratic) 1.12%[6]
	James A. McDougall	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic hold.

Connecticut[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Connecticut 1	James T. Pratt	Democratic	1853	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	Y Ezra Clark Jr. (Know Nothing) 52.11% James T. Pratt (Democratic) 47.89%
Connecticut 2	Colin M. Ingersoll	Democratic	1851	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	Y John Woodruff (Know Nothing) 55.50% Samuel Arnold (Democratic) 44.50%
Connecticut 3	Nathan Belcher	Democratic	1853	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	Y Sidney Dean (Know Nothing) 67.51% Joel W. White (Democratic) 32.49%
Connecticut 4	Origen S. Seymour	Democratic	1851	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	Y William W. Welch (Know Nothing) 56.07% William H. Noble (Democratic) 43.94%

Delaware[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Delaware at-large	George R. Riddle	Democratic	1850	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	Y Elisha D. Cullen (Know Nothing) 51.85% George R. Riddle (Democratic) 48.15%

Florida[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Florida at-large	Augustus Maxwell	Democratic	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Augustus Maxwell (Democratic) 55.26% Thomas Brown (Whig) 44.74%

Georgia[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Georgia 1	James Lindsay Seward	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	Y James Lindsay Seward (Democratic) 57.62% Samuel Varnadoe (Know Nothing) 42.38%
Georgia 2	Alfred H. Colquitt	Democratic	1853	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	Y Martin J. Crawford (Democratic) 51.99% Willis Hawkins (Know Nothing) 48.01%
Georgia 3	David Jackson Bailey	Democratic	1851	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	Y Robert Pleasant Trippe (Know Nothing) 53.97% James Milton Smith (Democratic) 46.03%
Georgia 4	William Barton Wade Dent	Democratic	1853	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	Y Hiram B. Warner (Democratic) 50.26% Benjamin Harvey Hill (Know Nothing) 49.74%
Georgia 5	Elijah Webb Chastain	Democratic	1851	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	Y John Henry Lumpkin (Democratic) 58.61% Lewis Tumblin (Know Nothing) 41.39%
Georgia 6	Junius Hillyer	Democratic	1851	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	Y Howell Cobb (Democratic) 63.78% Leonidas Franklin (Know Nothing) 36.22%
Georgia 7	David Addison Reese	Whig	1853	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	Y Nathaniel Greene Foster (Know Nothing) 51.13% Linton Stephens (Democratic) 48.87%
Georgia 8	Alexander Stephens	Whig	1853	Incumbent re-elected. Democratic gain.	Y Alexander Stephens (Democratic) [data unknown/missing]

Illinois[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Illinois 1	Elihu B. Washburne	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Republican gain.	Y Elihu B. Washburne (Republican) 69.33% William M. Jackson (Democratic) 22.99% E. P. Ferry (Anti-Nebraska) 7.68%
Illinois 2	John Wentworth	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.	Y James H. Woodworth (Republican) 53.05% Robert S. Blackwell (Whig) 19.84% John B. Turner (Democratic) 19.48% Edward L. Mayo (Anti-Nebraska) 7.63%
Illinois 3	Jesse O. Norton	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Republican gain.	Y Jesse O. Norton (Republican) 62.76% John A. Drake (Democratic) 37.24%
Illinois 4	James Knox	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Republican gain.	Y James Knox (Republican) 57.22% William McMurtry (Democratic) 42.79%
Illinois 5	William A. Richardson	Democratic	1847 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	Y William A. Richardson (Democratic) 52.38% Archibald Williams (Republican) 47.62%
Illinois 6	Richard Yates	Whig	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic gain.	Y Thomas L. Harris (Democratic) 50.50% Richard Yates (Whig) 49.50%
Illinois 7	James C. Allen	Democratic	1852	Incumbent re-elected. Election disqualified. Democratic loss.	James C. Allen (Democratic) 50.00% William Beatty Archer (Whig) 50.00%
Illinois 8	William Henry Bissell	Independent Democratic	1848	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	Y Lyman Trumbull (Anti-Nebraska) 59.87% Philip Bond Fouke (Democratic) 40.13%
Illinois 9	Willis Allen	Democratic	1850	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	Y Samuel S. Marshall (Democratic) 64.67% G. Jay S. Turney (Republican) 22.15% DeWitt C. Barber (Unknown) 9.71% A. Grow (Unknown) 2.05% S. A. Rowan (Unknown) 1.42%

Indiana[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Indiana 1	Smith Miller	Democratic	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Smith Miller (Democratic) 52.15% Sam Hall (People's) 47.85%
Indiana 2	William Hayden English	Democratic	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	Y William Hayden English (Democratic) 51.70% Thomas C. Slaught (People's) 48.30%
Indiana 3	Cyrus L. Dunham	Democratic	1849	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. People's gain.	Y George G. Dunn (People's) 54.53% Cyrus L. Dunham (Democratic) 45.47%
Indiana 4	James H. Lane	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. People's gain.	Y William Cumback (People's) 51.92% William G. Holman (Democratic) 48.08%
Indiana 5	Samuel W. Parker	Whig	1851	Incumbent retired. New member elected. People's gain.	Y David P. Holloway (People's) 64.25% J. J. Buckles (Democratic) 35.76%
Indiana 6	Thomas A. Hendricks	Democratic	1851	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. People's gain.	Y Lucien Barbour (People's) 51.41% Thomas A. Hendricks (Democratic) 48.59%
Indiana 7	John G. Davis	Democratic	1851	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. People's gain.	Y Harvey D. Scott (People's) 52.58% John G. Davis (Democratic) 47.42%
Indiana 8	Daniel Mace	Democratic	1851	Incumbent re-elected. People's gain.	Y Daniel Mace (People's) 56.92% James Davis (Democratic) 43.08%
Indiana 9	Norman Eddy	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. People's gain.	Y Schuyler Colfax (People's) 54.85% Norman Eddy (Democratic) 45.15%
Indiana 10	Ebenezer M. Chamberlain	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. People's gain.	Y Samuel Brenton (People's) 56.00% Ebenezer M. Chamberlain (Democratic) 44.00%
Indiana 11	Andrew J. Harlan	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. People's gain.	Y John U. Pettit (People's) 56.59% James R. Slack (Democratic) 43.41%

Iowa[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Iowa 1	Bernhart Henn	Democratic	1850	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	Y Augustus Hall (Democratic) 50.27% R.L. Clark (Whig) 49.50% J.L. Ashbaugh (Independent) 0.23%
Iowa 2	William Vandever	Whig	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig hold.	Y James Thorington (Whig) 53.33% Stephen P. Hempstead (Democratic) 46.09% Augustus Hall (Independent) 0.57%

Kentucky[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Kentucky 1
Kentucky 2
Kentucky 3
Kentucky 4
Kentucky 5
Kentucky 6
Kentucky 7
Kentucky 8
Kentucky 9
Kentucky 10

Louisiana[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Louisiana 1
Louisiana 2
Louisiana 3
Louisiana 4

Maine[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Maine 1	Moses Macdonald	Democratic	1850	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.	Y John M. Wood (Republican) 59.36% Samuel Wells (Democratic) 39.91% Lorenzo D. Wilkinson (Independent) 0.74%
Maine 2	Samuel Mayall	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.	Y John J. Perry (Republican) 56.88% William K. Kimball (Democratic) 42.46% Charles J. Gilman (Independent) 0.66%
Maine 3	E. Wilder Farley	Whig	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain.	Y Ebenezer Knowlton (Republican) 43.94% Jonathan G. Dickerson (Democratic) 30.78% E. Wilder Farley (Whig) 25.28%
Maine 4	Samuel P. Benson	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Republican gain.	Y Samuel P. Benson (Republican) 77.05% George Rogers (Democratic) 22.95%
Maine 5	Israel Washburn Jr.	Whig	1850	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Republican gain.	Y Israel Washburn Jr. (Republican) 63.09% Samuel H. Blake (Democratic) 36.91%
Maine 6	Thomas J. D. Fuller	Democratic	1848	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Thomas J. D. Fuller (Democratic) 42.39% James A. Milliken (Republican) 38.74% Noah Smith (Whig) 18.88%

Maryland[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Maryland 1
Maryland 2
Maryland 3
Maryland 4
Maryland 5
Maryland 6

Massachusetts[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Massachusetts 1	Thomas D. Eliot	Whig	1854 (special)	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know-Nothing gain.	▌Y Robert B. Hall (American) 63.70% ▌Thomas D. Eliot (Whig) 26.63% ▌Abraham H. Rowland (Democratic) 9.66%
Massachusetts 2	Samuel L. Crocker	Whig	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know-Nothing gain.	▌Y James Buffinton (American) 68.25% ▌Samuel L. Crocker (Whig) 16.20% ▌Charles R. Vickery (Democratic) 9.01% ▌Gersham B. Weston (Free Soil) 6.55%
Massachusetts 3	J. Wiley Edmands	Whig	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know-Nothing gain.	▌Y William S. Damrell (American) 74.76% ▌Nathaniel F. Safford (Whig) 16.67% ▌Edward Avery (Democratic) 5.38% ▌Arthur W. Austin (Independent) 2.26%
Massachusetts 4	Samuel H. Walley	Whig	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know-Nothing gain.	▌Y Linus B. Comins (American) 57.45% ▌Samuel H. Walley (Whig) 32.00% ▌Samuel R. Skinner (Democratic) 10.55%
Massachusetts 5	William Appleton	Whig	1850	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know-Nothing gain.	▌Y Anson Burlingame (American) 61.64% ▌William Appleton (Whig) 32.12% ▌William Parmenter (Democratic) 6.24%
Massachusetts 6	Charles W. Upham	Whig	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know-Nothing gain.	▌Y Timothy Davis (American) 65.39% ▌Charles W. Upham (Whig) 28.44% ▌Nathaniel J. Lord (Democratic) 5.57% ▌George Hood (Independent) 0.59%
Massachusetts 7	Nathaniel P. Banks	Democratic	1852	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Know-Nothing gain.	▌Y Nathaniel P. Banks (American) 73.53% ▌Luther Bell (Whig) 20.43% ▌Bowen Buckman (Democratic) 6.04%
Massachusetts 8	Tappan Wentworth	Whig	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know-Nothing gain.	▌Y Chauncey L. Knapp (American) 62.80% ▌Tappan Wentworth (Whig) 31.88% ▌Daniel Needham (Democratic) 5.32%
Massachusetts 9	Alexander DeWitt	Free Soil	1852	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Know-Nothing gain.	▌Y Alexander DeWitt (American) 76.97% ▌Isaac Davis (Democratic) 13.36% ▌Ira M. Barton (Whig) 7.45% ▌Alfred Mowrey (Independent) 1.42% ▌William P. Marble (Independent) 0.46% Scattering 0.34%
Massachusetts 10	Edward Dickinson	Whig	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know-Nothing gain.	▌Y Calvin C. Chaffee (American) 65.35% ▌Edward Dickinson (Whig) 23.33% ▌Stephen C. Bemis (Democratic) 11.32%
Massachusetts 11	John Z. Goodrich	Whig	1852	Know-Nothing gain.	▌Y Mark Trafton (American) 50.52% ▌ John Z. Goodrich (Whig) 30.42% ▌ Whiting Griswold (Democratic) 19.06%

Michigan[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Michigan 1	David Stuart	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain.	Y William Alanson Howard (Republican) 53.10% David Stuart (Democratic) 46.90%
Michigan 2	David A. Noble	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain.	Y Henry Waldron (Republican) 57.67% David A. Noble (Democratic) 42.33%
Michigan 3	Samuel Clark	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain.	Y David S. Walbridge (Republican) 44.17% Samuel Clark (Democratic) 55.83%
Michigan 4	Hestor L. Stevens	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	Y George Washington Peck (Democratic) 53.25% Moses Wisner (Republican) 46.75%

Mississippi[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Mississippi 1	Daniel B. Wright	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Daniel B. Wright (Democratic) 55.5% J. H. Taylor (Know Nothing) 44.5%[7]
Mississippi 2	William S. Barry	Democratic	1853	Incumbent retired to run for state representative. New member elected. Democratic hold.	Y Hendley S. Bennett (Democratic) 51.6% L. E. Houston (Know Nothing) 48.4%[8]
Mississippi 3	William Barksdale Redistricted from the at-large district	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	Y William Barksdale (Democratic) 55.5% Joseph B. Cobb (Know Nothing) 44.5%[9]
Mississippi 4	Otho R. Singleton Redistricted from the 3rd district	Democratic	1853	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	Y William A. Lake (Know Nothing) 50.8% Otho R. Singleton (Democratic) 49.2%[10]
Mississippi 5	None (New seat)			New seat. New member elected. Democratic gain.	Y John A. Quitman (Democratic) 59.4% Giles M. Hillyer (Know Nothing) 40.6%[11]

Missouri[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Missouri 1	Thomas Hart Benton	Opposition	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Whig gain.	Y Luther M. Kennett (Whig) 54.16% Thomas Hart Benton (Benton Democratic) 45.84%
Missouri 2	Alfred W. Lamb	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig gain.	Y Gilchrist Porter (Whig) 54.14% Tully Cornick (Benton Democratic) 45.86%
Missouri 3	James J. Lindley	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	Y James J. Lindley (Whig) 52.46% Augustus W. Fournoy (Democratic) 47.54%
Missouri 4	Mordecai Oliver	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Mordecai Oliver (Whig) 41.95% S.L. Leonard (Democratic) 34.21% Shelton J. Howe (Benton Democratic) 19.08% J.F. Pitt (Ind. Whig) 4.76%
Missouri 5	John G. Miller	Whig	1850	Incumbent re-elected.	Y John G. Miller (Whig) 46.12% Thomas L. Price (Benton Democratic) 35.50% Warwick Hough (Democratic) 18.38%
Missouri 6	John S. Phelps	Democratic	1844	Incumbent re-elected.	Y John S. Phelps (Democratic) 51.10% Waldo P. Johnson (Benton Democratic) 48.90%
Missouri 7	Samuel Caruthers	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Samuel Caruthers (Whig) 58.85% Charles Jones (Democratic) 41.15%

New Hampshire[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
New Hampshire 1	George W. Kittredge	Democratic	1853	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	Y James Pike (Know Nothing) George W. Kittredge (Democratic) [data unknown/missing]
New Hampshire 2	George W. Morrison	Democratic	1853	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	Y Mason Tappan (Know Nothing) George W. Morrison (Democratic) [data unknown/missing]
New Hampshire 3	Harry Hibbard	Democratic	1849	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	Y Aaron H. Cragin (Know Nothing) [data unknown/missing]

New Jersey[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
New Jersey 1
New Jersey 2
New Jersey 3
New Jersey 4
New Jersey 5

New York[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
New York 1
New York 2
New York 3
New York 4
New York 5
New York 6
New York 7
New York 8
New York 9
New York 10
New York 11
New York 12
New York 13
New York 14
New York 15
New York 16
New York 17
New York 18
New York 19
New York 20
New York 21
New York 22
New York 23
New York 24
New York 25
New York 26
New York 27
New York 28
New York 29
New York 30
New York 31
New York 32
New York 33

North Carolina[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
North Carolina 1
North Carolina 2
North Carolina 3
North Carolina 4
North Carolina 5
North Carolina 6
North Carolina 7
North Carolina 8

Ohio[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Ohio 1	David T. Disney	Democratic	1848	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	Y Timothy C. Day (Anti-Nebraska) 63.46% George H. Pendleton (Democratic) 36.54%
Ohio 2	John Scott Harrison	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	Y John Scott Harrison (Anti-Nebraska) 66.03% William S. Groesbeck (Democratic) 33.97%
Ohio 3	Lewis D. Campbell	Whig	1848	Incumbent re-elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	Y Lewis D. Campbell (Anti-Nebraska) 58.25% Clement Vallandigham (Democratic) 41.75%
Ohio 4	Matthias H. Nichols	Democratic	1852	Incumbent re-elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	Y Matthias H. Nichols (Anti-Nebraska) 70.19% G. V. Dorsey (Democratic) 29.81%
Ohio 5	Alfred Edgerton	Democratic	1850	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	Y Richard Mott (Anti-Nebraska) 61.62% Henry S. Cowager (Democratic) 38.38%
Ohio 6	Andrew Ellison	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	Y Jonas R. Emrie (Anti-Nebraska) 65.04% Andrew Ellison (Democratic) 34.96%
Ohio 7	Aaron Harlan	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	Y Aaron Harlan (Anti-Nebraska) 81.14% Benjamin B. Hinkson (Democratic) 18.86%
Ohio 8	Moses Bledso Corwin	Whig	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	Y Benjamin Stanton (Anti-Nebraska) 75.84% Enoch G. Dial (Democratic) 23.10% J. Newell (Unknown) 1.06%
Ohio 9	Frederick W. Green	Democratic	1850	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	Y Cooper K. Watson (Anti-Nebraska) 59.92% Josiah S. Plants (Democratic) 40.08%
Ohio 10	John L. Taylor	Democratic	1846	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	Y Oscar F. Moore (Anti-Nebraska) 65.32% James W. Davis (Democratic) 34.68%
Ohio 11	Thomas Ritchey	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	Y Valentine B. Horton (Anti-Nebraska) 58.70% Lot L. Smith (Democratic) 41.30%
Ohio 12	Edson B. Olds	Democratic	1848	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	Y Samuel Galloway (Anti-Nebraska) 60.28% Edson B. Olds (Democratic) 39.72%
Ohio 13	William D. Lindsley	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	Y John Sherman (Anti-Nebraska) 59.80% William D. Lindsley (Democratic) 40.21%
Ohio 14	Harvey H. Johnson	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	Y Philemon Bliss (Anti-Nebraska) 59.26% Harvey H. Johnson (Democratic) 40.74%
Ohio 15	William R. Sapp	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	Y William R. Sapp (Anti-Nebraska) 58.99% William Dunbar (Democratic) 41.02%
Ohio 16	Edward Ball	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	Y Edward Ball (Anti-Nebraska) 58.89% William Galligher (Democratic) 41.11%
Ohio 17	Wilson Shannon	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	Y Charles J. Albright (Anti-Nebraska) 58.07% Daniel H. Wire (Democratic) 41.93%
Ohio 18	George Bliss	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	Y Benjamin F. Leiter (Anti-Nebraska) 63.36% Ebenezer Spaulding (Democratic) 36.64%
Ohio 19	Edward Wade	Free Soil	1852	Incumbent re-elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	Y Edward Wade (Anti-Nebraska) 71.07% Eli T. Wilder (Democratic) 28.42% Irad Kelly (Independent) 0.51%
Ohio 20	Joshua Reed Giddings	Free Soil	1843	Incumbent re-elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	Y Joshua Reed Giddings (Anti-Nebraska) [data unknown/missing]
Ohio 21	Andrew Stuart	Democratic	1848	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Anti-Nebraska gain.	Y John Bingham (Anti-Nebraska) [data unknown/missing]

Pennsylvania[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Pennsylvania 1	Thomas B. Florence	Democratic	1848	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Thomas B. Florence (Democratic) 51.77% Edward Joy Morris (Whig) 48.23%
Pennsylvania 2	Joseph R. Chandler	Whig	1848	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Whig hold.	Y Job R. Tyson (Whig) 54.63% John Hamilton (Democratic) 33.82% Joseph R. Chandler (Independent Whig) 11.56%
Pennsylvania 3	John Robbins	Democratic	1848	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig gain.	Y William Millward (Whig) 51.59% James Landy (Democratic) 48.41%
Pennsylvania 4	William Henry Witte	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	Y Jacob Broom (Know Nothing) 49.63% Henry Myer Phillips (Democratic) 44.08% John Lambert (Whig) 6.29%
Pennsylvania 5	John McNair	Democratic	1850	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	Y John Cadwalader (Democratic) 50.03% Nathan A. Jones (Whig) 49.97%
Pennsylvania 6	William Everhart	Whig	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.	Y John Hickman (Democratic) 58.97% John M. Broomall (Whig) 41.03%
Pennsylvania 7	Samuel A. Bridges	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain.	Y Samuel C. Bradshaw (Republican) 51.03% Samuel A. Bridges (Democratic) 48.97%
Pennsylvania 8	J. Glancy Jones	Democratic	1854	Incumbent re-elected.	Y J. Glancy Jones (Democratic) 59.77% John C. Myers (Whig) 40.23%
Pennsylvania 9	Isaac E. Hiester	Whig	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Independent gain.	Y Anthony E. Roberts (Independent Whig) 39.38% Isaac E. Hiester (Whig) 33.79% Joseph S. Lefevre (Democratic) 26.84%
Pennsylvania 10	Ner Middleswarth	Whig	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig hold.	Y John C. Kunkel (Whig) 55.99% Amos Boughter (Democratic) 43.01% George A. Seiler (Independent) 1.00%
Pennsylvania 11	Christian M. Straub	Democratic	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig gain.	Y James H. Campbell (Republican) 38.87% William L. Dewart (Democratic) 36.68% Joseph W. Cake (Democratic) 21.90% Kimber Cleaver (Know Nothing) 2.56%
Pennsylvania 12	Hendrick B. Wright	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Whig gain.	Y Henry Mills Fuller (Whig) 56.26% Hendrick B. Wright (Democratic) 43.74%
Pennsylvania 13	Asa Packer	Democratic	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Asa Packer (Democratic) 58.67% Edward F. Stewart (Whig) 41.33%
Pennsylvania 14	Galusha A. Grow	Democratic	1850	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Galusha A. Grow (Democratic) 95.22% Jim Grow (Independent) 4.56% Olin L. Hawley (Independent) 0.23%

Rhode Island[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Rhode Island 1	Thomas Davis	Democratic	1853	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	Y Nathan B. Durfee (Know Nothing) Thomas Davis (Democratic) [data unknown/missing]
Rhode Island 2	Benjamin Babock Thurston	Democratic	1851	Incumbent re-elected. Know Nothing gain.	Y Benjamin Babock Thurston (Know Nothing) [data unknown/missing]

South Carolina[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
South Carolina 1	John McQueen	Democratic	1849 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	Y John McQueen (Democratic) 67.44% I. D. Wilson (Unknown) 32.56%
South Carolina 2	William Aiken Jr.	Democratic	1850	Incumbent re-elected.	Y William Aiken Jr. (Democratic) 96.44% W. C. Clayton (Unknown) 3.56%
South Carolina 3	Laurence M. Keitt	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Laurence M. Keitt (Democratic) 100.00% unopposed
South Carolina 4	Preston S. Brooks	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Preston S. Brooks (Democratic) 66.84% A. C. Garlington (Unknown) 33.16%
South Carolina 5	James L. Orr	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	Y James L. Orr (Democratic) 100.00% unopposed
South Carolina 6	William W. Boyce	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	Y William W. Boyce (Democratic) 100.00% unopposed

Tennessee[]

Elections held late, on August 2, 1855.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Tennessee 1	Nathaniel G. Taylor	Whig	1854 (special)	Incumbent lost re-election as a Know Nothing. New member elected. Democratic gain.	Y Albert G. Watkins (Democratic) 50.32% Nathaniel G. Taylor (Know Nothing) 48.57% A. G. Graham (Unknown) 1.11%[12]
Tennessee 2	William M. Churchwell	Democratic	1851	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	Y William H. Sneed (Know Nothing) 52.15% David H. Cummins (Democratic) 47.85%[13]
Tennessee 3	Samuel A. Smith	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Samuel A. Smith (Democratic) 51.78% Josiah M. Anderson (Know Nothing) 48.22%[14]
Tennessee 4	William Cullom	Whig	1851	Incumbent lost re-election as a Know Nothing. New member elected. Democratic gain.	Y John H. Savage (Democratic) 51.96% William Cullom (Know Nothing) 48.04%[15]
Tennessee 5	Charles Ready	Whig	1853	Incumbent re-elected. Know Nothing gain.	Y Charles Ready (Know Nothing) 91.79% Edwin A. Keeble (Democratic) 8.21%[16]
Tennessee 6	George W. Jones	Democratic	1842	Incumbent re-elected.	Y George W. Jones (Democratic) 66.63% Powhatan Gordon (Know Nothing) 33.37%[17]
Tennessee 7	Robert M. Bugg	Whig	1853	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.	Y John V. Wright (Democratic) 57.24% William Kendrick (Know Nothing) 42.76%[18]
Tennessee 8	Felix Zollicoffer	Whig	1853	Incumbent re-elected. Know Nothing gain.	Y Felix Zollicoffer (Know Nothing) 58.89% Granville C. Torbett (Democratic) 41.11%[19]
Tennessee 9	Emerson Etheridge	Whig	1853	Incumbent re-elected. Know Nothing gain.	Y Emerson Etheridge (Know Nothing) 51.82% Thomas J. Freeman (Democratic) 48.18%[20]
Tennessee 10	Frederick P. Stanton	Democratic	1845	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	Y Thomas Rivers (Know Nothing) 53.29% David M. Currin (Democratic) 46.71%[21]

Texas[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Texas 1	George W. Smyth	Democratic	1853	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	Y Lemuel D. Evans (Know Nothing) 50.10% Matthias Ward (Democratic) 49.90%
Texas 2	Peter Hansborough Bell	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Peter H. Bell (Democratic) 60.76% John Hancock (Know Nothing) 39.24%

Vermont[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Vermont 1	James Meacham	Whig	1849 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected.	Y James Meacham (Whig) 71.35% Solomon W. Jewett (Democratic) 28.65%
Vermont 2	Andrew Tracy	Whig	1852	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.	Y Justin S. Morrill (Republican) 50.26% J.W. Parker (Democratic) 35.07% Oscar L. Shafter (Free Soil) 14.68%
Vermont 3	Alvah Sabin	Whig	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Alvah Sabin (Whig) 68.54% William Heywood (Democratic) 31.46%

Virginia[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Virginia 1	Thomas H. Bayly	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Thomas H. Bayly (Democratic) 84.5% Robert L. Montague (None) 10.2%
Virginia 2	John Millson	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	Y John Millson (Democratic) 53.3% Watts (Know Nothing) 46.7%
Virginia 3	John S. Caskie	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	Y John S. Caskie (Democratic) 52.1% William C. Scott (Know Nothing) 47.9%
Virginia 4	William Goode	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	Y William Goode (Democratic) 61.3% Littleton Tazewell (Know Nothing) 38.7%
Virginia 5	Thomas S. Bocock	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Thomas S. Bocock (Democratic) 57.3% Nathaniel C. Claiborne (Know Nothing) 42.7%
Virginia 6	Paulus Powell	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Paulus Powell (Democratic) 56.7% Ligon (Know Nothing) 43.3%
Virginia 7	William Smith	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	Y William Smith (Democratic) 78.0% P. Johnson Barbour (Independent) 13.8% David Funsten (Independent) 8.2%
Virginia 8	Charles J. Faulkner	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Charles J. Faulkner (Democratic) 50.7% Alexander Boteler (Know Nothing) 49.3%
Virginia 9	John Letcher	Democratic	1851	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Thomas H. Bayly (Democratic) 98.1% Alexander H. H. Stuart (None) 1.9%
Virginia 10	Zedekiah Kidwell	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Zedekiah Kidwell (Democratic) 54.5% William K. Pendleton (Know Nothing) 45.5%
Virginia 11	Charles S. Lewis	Democratic	1853	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Know Nothing gain.	Y John S. Carlile (Know Nothing) 51.2% Charles S. Lewis (Democratic) 48.8%
Virginia 12	Henry A. Edmundson	Democratic	1849	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Henry A. Edmundson (Democratic) 54.0% Waller R. Staples (Know Nothing) 46.0%
Virginia 13	Fayette McMullen	Democratic	1849	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Fayette McMullen (Democratic) 59.2% Trigg (Know Nothing) 40.8%

Wisconsin[]

Election results in Wisconsin for 1854:^[22]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Wisconsin 1	Daniel Wells Jr.	Democratic	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Daniel Wells Jr. (Democratic) 54.6% Wyman Spooner (Republican) 45.4%
Wisconsin 2	Ben C. Eastman	Democratic	1850	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.	Y Cadwallader C. Washburn (Republican) 59.5% Otis Hoyt (Democratic) 39.8% David Taylor (None) 0.7%
Wisconsin 3	John B. Macy	Democratic	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain.	Y Charles Billinghurst (Republican) 55.9% John B. Macy (Democratic) 36.0% Harvey G. Turner (Independent) 8.1%

Non-voting delegates[]

Kansas Territory[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Delegate	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Kansas Territory	New seat			New territory. New delegate elected December 20, 1854. Democratic gain.	Y John Wilkins Whitfield (Democratic) [data unknown/missing]

Minnesota Territory[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Delegate	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Minnesota Territory	Henry Mower Rice	Democratic	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Henry Mower Rice (Democratic) 46.00% William Rainey Marshall (Republican) 32.46% David Olmsted (Anti-Nebraska Democratic) 21.54%[23]

Nebraska Territory[]

33rd Congress[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Delegate	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Nebraska Territory	New seat			New territory. New delegate elected December 12, 1854.[24][25] Democratic gain.	Y Napoleon Bonaparte Giddings (Democratic) [data unknown/missing]

34th Congress[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Delegate	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Nebraska Territory	Napoleon Bonaparte Giddings	Democratic	1854	Incumbent retired. New delegate elected November 5, 1855.[24] Democratic hold.	Y Bird Chapman (Democratic) 55.16% Hiram Pitt Bennet (Anti-Nebraska) 44.84%[k][26][27]

Oregon Territory[]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Delegate	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Oregon Territory	Joseph Lane	Democratic	1851	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Joseph Lane (Democratic) [data unknown/missing]

See also[]

• 1854 United States elections
• 1824–1854 List of United States House of Representatives elections
• 1854 and 1855 United States Senate elections
• 33rd United States Congress
• 34th United States Congress

Notes[]

References[]

Bibliography[]

• Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
• Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
• Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.
• "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.

External links[]

• Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)