1856 and 1857 United States House of Representatives elections
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The 1856 and 1857 United States House of Representatives elections were held at various dates in different states from August 1856 to November 1857.
The elections briefly returned a semblance of normalcy to the Democratic Party, restoring its House majority alongside election of Democratic President James Buchanan. However, superficial victory masked severe, ultimately irretrievable divisions over slavery. Voters next would return a Democratic House majority only in 1874.
Party realignments continued. In 1856, the Whig Party disbanded, the Know Nothing movement declined, and its vehicle, the American Party, began to collapse. Many Northern Whig, American, and other Opposition Party Representatives joined the new, rapidly consolidating Republican Party, which contested the Presidency in 1856. Though the Republican Party did not yet demand abolition, its attitude toward slavery was stridently negative. It was an openly sectional Northern party opposing fugitive slave laws and slavery in the territories, and for the first time offered a mainstream platform to outspoken abolitionists.
In March 1857, after almost all Northern states had voted, the Supreme Court issued its infamous Dred Scott decision, amplifying tensions and hardening voter divisions. Remaining elections were concentrated in the South. Southern voters widely drove the American Party from office, rallying to the Democrats in firm opposition to the Republicans.
In October 1857, the pending new state of Minnesota elected its first Representatives, to be seated by the 35th Congress. Between the admissions of Vermont in 1791 and Wisconsin in 1848, Congress had admitted new states roughly in pairs: one slave, one free. California was admitted alone as a free state in 1850 only as part of a comprehensive compromise including significant concessions to slave state interests. Admission of Minnesota in May 1858, also alone but with no such deal, helped expose the declining influence of the South, destroying the formerly binding concept that slave and free state power was best kept in balance even in the Senate while solidifying a sense that the West would exclude slavery.
Election summaries[]
Two seats were added for the new state of Minnesota,[1] which was unrepresented for part of the 1st session.
![35th Congress United States House of Representatives.svg](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/35th_Congress_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/440px-35th_Congress_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png)
133 | 14 | 90 |
Democratic | KN | Republican |
State | Type | Date | Total seats |
Democratic | Know Nothing | Republican | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seats | Change | Seats | Change | Seats | Change[g] | ||||
Arkansas | District | August 4, 1856 | 2 | 2 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Iowa | District | August 4, 1856 | 2 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
2 | ![]() |
Missouri | District | August 4, 1856 | 7 | 5[e] | ![]() |
2 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Vermont | District | September 2, 1856 | 3 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
3 | ![]() |
Maine | District | September 8, 1856 | 6 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
6 | ![]() |
Florida | At-large | October 6, 1856 | 1 | 1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
South Carolina | District | October 13–14, 1856 | 6 | 6 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Indiana | District | October 14, 1856 | 11 | 6 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
5 | ![]() |
Ohio | District | October 14, 1856 | 21 | 9 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
12 | ![]() |
Pennsylvania | District | October 14, 1856 | 25 | 15 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
10 | ![]() |
California | At-large | November 4, 1856 (Election Day)[h] |
2 | 2 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Delaware | At-large | 1 | 1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | |
Illinois | District | 9 | 5 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
4 | ![]() | |
Massachusetts | District | 11 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
11 | ![]() | |
Michigan | District | 4 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
4 | ![]() | |
New Jersey | District | 5 | 3 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
2 | ![]() | |
New York | District | 33 | 12 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
21 | ![]() | |
Wisconsin | District | 3 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
3 | ![]() | |
New Hampshire | District | March 10, 1857 | 3 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
3 | ![]() |
Rhode Island | District | April 1, 1857 | 2 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
2 | ![]() |
Connecticut | District | April 6, 1857 | 4 | 2 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
2 | ![]() |
Virginia | District | May 28, 1857 | 13 | 13 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Alabama | District | August 3, 1857 | 7 | 7 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Kentucky | District | August 3, 1857 | 10 | 8 | ![]() |
2 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Texas | District | August 3, 1857 | 2 | 2 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
North Carolina | District | August 6, 1857 | 8 | 7 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Tennessee | District | August 6, 1857 | 10 | 7 | ![]() |
3 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Georgia | District | October 5, 1857 | 8 | 6 | ![]() |
2 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Mississippi | District | October 5–6, 1857 | 5 | 5 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Minnesota | At-large | October 13, 1857[i] | 2 | 2 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Louisiana | District | November 3, 1857 | 4 | 3 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Maryland | District | November 4, 1857 | 6 | 3 | ![]() |
3 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Total | 236 | 133[e] 56.1% |
![]() |
14 5.9% |
![]() |
90 38.0% |
![]() |
Special elections[]
There were special elections in 1856 and 1857 during the 34th United States Congress and 35th United States Congress.
34th Congress[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member / Delegate | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Illinois 8 | |||||
Missouri 5 | |||||
Virginia 1 | |||||
South Carolina 3 | |||||
South Carolina 4 | |||||
Illinois 7 | |||||
New Mexico Territory at-large | |||||
Vermont 1 | |||||
Illinois 5 | |||||
Kansas Territory at-large | John Wilkins Whitfield | Democratic | 1854 | Seat declared vacant August 1, 1856. Incumbent re-elected to finish his term. Winner was not elected to the next term, see below. |
|
35th Congress[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Indiana 1 | |||||
Indiana 10 | |||||
Pennsylvania 12 | |||||
Missouri 3 |
Alabama[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Alabama 1 | |||||
Alabama 2 | |||||
Alabama 3 | |||||
Alabama 4 | |||||
Alabama 5 | |||||
Alabama 6 | |||||
Alabama 7 |
Arkansas[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Arkansas 1 | |||||
Arkansas 2 |
California[]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
California at-large 2 seats on a general ticket |
James W. Denver | Democratic | 1854 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
Philemon T. Herbert | Democratic | 1854 | Incumbent retired after manslaughter acquittal. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
Connecticut[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Connecticut 1 | |||||
Connecticut 2 | |||||
Connecticut 3 |
Delaware[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Delaware at-large |
Florida[]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Florida at-large | Augustus Maxwell | Democratic | 1852 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
Georgia[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Georgia 1 | |||||
Georgia 2 | |||||
Georgia 3 | |||||
Georgia 4 | |||||
Georgia 5 | |||||
Georgia 6 | |||||
Georgia 7 | |||||
Georgia 8 |
Illinois[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Illinois 1 | |||||
Illinois 2 | |||||
Illinois 3 | |||||
Illinois 4 | |||||
Illinois 5 | |||||
Illinois 6 | |||||
Illinois 7 | |||||
Illinois 8 | |||||
Illinois 9 |
Indiana[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Indiana 1 | |||||
Indiana 2 | |||||
Indiana 3 | |||||
Indiana 4 | |||||
Indiana 5 | |||||
Indiana 6 | |||||
Indiana 7 | |||||
Indiana 8 | |||||
Indiana 9 | |||||
Indiana 10 | |||||
Indiana 11 |
Iowa[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Iowa 1 | |||||
Iowa 2 |
Kansas Territory[]
See non-voting delegates, below.
Kentucky[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Kentucky 1 | |||||
Kentucky 2 | |||||
Kentucky 3 | |||||
Kentucky 4 | |||||
Kentucky 5 | |||||
Kentucky 6 | |||||
Kentucky 7 |
Louisiana[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Louisiana 1 | |||||
Louisiana 2 | |||||
Louisiana 3 | |||||
Louisiana 4 |
Maine[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Maine 1 | |||||
Maine 2 | |||||
Maine 3 | |||||
Maine 4 | |||||
Maine 5 | |||||
Maine 6 |
Maryland[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Maryland 1 | |||||
Maryland 2 | |||||
Maryland 3 | |||||
Maryland 4 | |||||
Maryland 5 | |||||
Maryland 6 |
Massachusetts[]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Massachusetts 1 | Robert B. Hall | American | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Republican gain. |
|
Massachusetts 2 | James Buffinton | American | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Republican gain. |
|
Massachusetts 3 | William S. Damrell | American | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Republican gain. |
|
Massachusetts 4 | Linus B. Comins | American | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Republican gain. |
|
Massachusetts 5 | Anson Burlingame | American | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Republican gain. |
|
Massachusetts 6 | Timothy Davis | American | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Republican gain. |
|
Massachusetts 7 | Nathaniel P. Banks | American | 1852 | Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Republican gain. |
|
Massachusetts 8 | Chauncey L. Knapp | American | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Republican gain. |
|
Massachusetts 9 | Alexander DeWitt | American | 1852 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain. |
|
Massachusetts 10 | Calvin C. Chaffee | American | 1855 (special) | Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Republican gain. |
|
Massachusetts 11 | Mark Trafton | American | 1854 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain. |
|
Michigan[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Michigan 1 | |||||
Michigan 2 | |||||
Michigan 3 | |||||
Michigan 4 |
Minnesota[]
Minnesota Territory elected three members in advance of Minnesota's 1848 statehood. "Although three men won this election, which was held before Minnesota was actually a state, only two representatives from Minnesota were allowed in the congressional bill creating the state in 1858. George L. Becker lost in the drawing of lots to decide who would present their credentials, therefore he did not serve in Congress."[3]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Minnesota at-large 2 seats |
None. | New state would be admitted May 11, 1858. New member elected October 13, 1857. Democratic gain. |
Elected on a general ticket:
| ||
None. | New state would be admitted May 11, 1858. New member elected October 13, 1857. Democratic gain. |
Mississippi[]
Elections held late, from October 5 to 6, 1857.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Mississippi 1 | Daniel B. Wright | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
Mississippi 2 | Hendley S. Bennett | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent lost renomination. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
Mississippi 3 | William Barksdale | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Mississippi 4 | William A. Lake | Know Nothing | 1855 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic gain. |
|
Mississippi 5 | John A. Quitman | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Missouri[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Missouri 1 | |||||
Missouri 2 | |||||
Missouri 3 | |||||
Missouri 4 | |||||
Missouri 5 | |||||
Missouri 6 | |||||
Missouri 7 |
Nebraska Territory[]
See non-voting delegates, below.
New Hampshire[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
New Hampshire 1 | |||||
New Hampshire 2 | |||||
New Hampshire 3 |
New Jersey[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
New Jersey 1 | |||||
New Jersey 2 | |||||
New Jersey 3 | |||||
New Jersey 4 | |||||
New Jersey 5 |
New York[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
New York 1 | |||||
New York 2 | |||||
New York 3 | |||||
New York 4 | |||||
New York 5 | |||||
New York 6 | |||||
New York 7 | |||||
New York 8 | |||||
New York 9 | |||||
New York 10 | |||||
New York 11 | |||||
New York 12 | |||||
New York 13 | |||||
New York 14 | |||||
New York 15 | |||||
New York 16 | |||||
New York 17 | |||||
New York 18 | |||||
New York 19 | |||||
New York 20 | |||||
New York 21 | |||||
New York 22 | |||||
New York 23 | |||||
New York 24 | |||||
New York 25 | |||||
New York 26 | |||||
New York 27 | |||||
New York 28 | |||||
New York 29 | |||||
New York 30 | |||||
New York 31 | |||||
New York 32 | |||||
New York 33 |
North Carolina[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
North Carolina 1 | |||||
North Carolina 2 | |||||
North Carolina 3 | |||||
North Carolina 4 | |||||
North Carolina 5 | |||||
North Carolina 6 | |||||
North Carolina 7 | |||||
North Carolina 8 |
Ohio[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Ohio 1 | |||||
Ohio 2 | |||||
Ohio 3 | |||||
Ohio 4 | |||||
Ohio 5 | |||||
Ohio 6 | |||||
Ohio 7 | |||||
Ohio 8 | |||||
Ohio 9 | |||||
Ohio 10 | |||||
Ohio 11 | |||||
Ohio 12 | |||||
Ohio 13 | |||||
Ohio 14 | |||||
Ohio 15 | |||||
Ohio 16 | |||||
Ohio 17 | |||||
Ohio 18 | |||||
Ohio 19 | |||||
Ohio 20 | |||||
Ohio 21 |
Oregon Territory[]
See non-voting delegates, below.
Pennsylvania[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Pennsylvania 1 | |||||
Pennsylvania 2 | |||||
Pennsylvania 3 | |||||
Pennsylvania 4 | |||||
Pennsylvania 5 | |||||
Pennsylvania 6 | |||||
Pennsylvania 7 | |||||
Pennsylvania 8 | |||||
Pennsylvania 9 | |||||
Pennsylvania 10 | |||||
Pennsylvania 11 | |||||
Pennsylvania 12 | |||||
Pennsylvania 13 | |||||
Pennsylvania 14 | |||||
Pennsylvania 15 | |||||
Pennsylvania 16 | |||||
Pennsylvania 17 | |||||
Pennsylvania 18 | |||||
Pennsylvania 19 | |||||
Pennsylvania 20 | |||||
Pennsylvania 21 | |||||
Pennsylvania 22 | |||||
Pennsylvania 23 | |||||
Pennsylvania 24 | |||||
Pennsylvania 25 |
Rhode Island[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Rhode Island 1 | |||||
Rhode Island 2 |
South Carolina[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
South Carolina 1 | |||||
South Carolina 2 | |||||
South Carolina 3 | |||||
South Carolina 4 | |||||
South Carolina 5 | |||||
South Carolina 6 |
Tennessee[]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Tennessee 1 | Albert G. Watkins | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Tennessee 2 | William H. Sneed | Know Nothing | 1855 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Know Nothing hold. |
|
Tennessee 3 | Samuel A. Smith | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Tennessee 4 | John H. Savage | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Tennessee 5 | Charles Ready | Know Nothing | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Tennessee 6 | George W. Jones | Democratic | 1842 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Tennessee 7 | John V. Wright | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Tennessee 8 | Felix Zollicoffer | Know Nothing | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Tennessee 9 | Emerson Etheridge | Know Nothing | 1853 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic gain. |
|
Tennessee 10 | Thomas Rivers | Know Nothing | 1855 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain. |
|
Texas[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Texas 1 | |||||
Texas 2 |
Vermont[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Vermont 1 | |||||
Vermont 2 | |||||
Vermont 3 |
Virginia[]
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District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Virginia 1 | |||||
Virginia 2 | |||||
Virginia 3 | |||||
Virginia 4 | |||||
Virginia 5 | |||||
Virginia 6 | |||||
Virginia 7 | |||||
Virginia 8 | |||||
Virginia 9 | |||||
Virginia 10 | |||||
Virginia 11 | |||||
Virginia 12 | |||||
Virginia 13 |
Wisconsin[]
Election results in Wisconsin for 1856:[19]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Wisconsin 1 | Daniel Wells, Jr. | Democratic | 1852 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain. |
|
Wisconsin 2 | Cadwallader C. Washburn | Republican | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Wisconsin 3 | Charles Billinghurst | Republican | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Non-voting delegates[]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delegate | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Kansas Territory | John Wilkins Whitfield | Democratic | 1854 1856 (Seat vacated) 1856 (Special) |
Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. New delegate elected. Democratic hold. |
|
Minnesota Territory | Henry Mower Rice | Democratic | 1852 | Incumbent retired. New delegate elected. Democratic hold. District eliminated in 1858 upon Minnesota's statehood. |
|
Nebraska Territory | Bird Chapman | Democratic | 1854 | Incumbent lost re-election. New delegate elected August 3, 1857.[20] Independent Democratic gain. |
|
Oregon Territory | Joseph Lane | Democratic | 1851 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
See also[]
- 1856 United States elections
- 1856 United States presidential election
- 1856 United States Senate elections
- List of United States House of Representatives elections, 1856–present
- 34th United States Congress
- 35th United States Congress
Notes[]
- ^ Excludes states admitted during this Congress
- ^ Number of the seats that made up the Parties involved in the Opposition Coalition, excluding the Whig Party.
- ^ In comparison to the performance of the Parties involved in the Opposition Coalition, excluding the Whig Party.
- ^ Included one Independent Whig: Anthony Ellmaker Roberts of Pennsylvania.
- ^ a b c d Includes one Independent Democrat (a.k.a. a "Benton Democrat"): Francis Preston Blair Jr. of MO-01. Note that while Martis (p. 110) and Dubin (p. 176) list him as an "Independent Democrat" or "Benton Democrat," others sources (e.g. the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress) list Blair as a "Republican".
- ^ Includes votes for those who ran labeled as an "Independent," "Benton Democrat," "Independent Democrat," or "Independent American."
- ^ a b Compared to the 100 Opposition Party members in previous election of 1854.
- ^ In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform date for choosing presidential electors (see: Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721). Congressional elections were unaffected by this law, but the date was gradually adopted by the states for congressional elections as well.
- ^ New state. Representatives seated May 11, 1858, during the 1st session.
References[]
- ^ 11 Stat. 166
- ^ "Our Campaigns - KS Territorial Delegate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1856".
- ^ a b "Our Campaigns - MN At-Large Race - Oct 13, 1857". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^ "MS - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "MS - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "MS - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "MS - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "MS - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 08". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 09". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 10". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
- ^ "Wisconsin U.S. House Election Results" (PDF). Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
- ^ "Collections of the NSHS - Volume 18". www.usgennet.org.
Bibliography[]
- Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
- Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.
- "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
External links[]
- Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)
- 1856 United States House of Representatives elections
- 1857 United States House of Representatives elections