List of automated train systems

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Singapore has the longest automated metro system in the world with all of its Mass Rapid Transit lines having 4th grade automation (GoA4). It has had automated lines since 2003 and currently has 199 km (124 mi) of automated lines with an additional 43 km (27 mi) by 2024 with the completion of the new Thomson–East Coast line.
Shanghai Metro network has the world's 2nd longest automated metro length, consisting of Line 10, Line 15 and Line 18 totaling 101.8 km (63.3 mi) in length.
Kuala Lumpur's Rapid KL network has the world's 3rd longest automated metro length, consisting of the Kelana Jaya and Kajang Lines totalling 97.4 km (60.5 mi) in length.
The Dubai Metro is fully automated on all lines and is the 4th longest automated metro system in the world with 89.6 km (55.7 mi) in length.

The list of automated train systems is ordered in descending order of the degree of automation. It uses the Grade of Automation classifications specified by the standard IEC 62290‐1. These are explained diagrammatically by the UITP.

This list focuses heavily on trains in the classical sense used for large-scale railways for passengers and freight but does include a few people mover systems.

History of metro train automation[]

The first line to be operated with Automatic Train Operation (ATO) was London Underground's Victoria line, which opened in 1967, although a driver is present in the cabin. Many lines now operate using an ATO system, with the aim of improving the frequency of service. Since then, ATO technology has been developed to enable trains to operate even without a driver in a cab: either with an attendant roaming within the train, or with no staff on board. The first fully automated driverless mass-transit rail network is the Port Island Line in Kobe, Japan. The second in the world (and the first such driverless system in Europe) is the Lille Metro in northern France.

Degrees of automation[]

The list is ordered in descending order of the degree of automation. It uses the Grade of Automation classifications specified by the standard IEC 62290‐1.[1] These are explained diagrammatically by the UITP.[2]

Metro Vancouver's SkyTrain has been in operation since 1985; it is fully automated on all lines and is the 5th longest automated metro system in the world with 79.6 km (49.5 mi) of automated lines.
The Rio Tinto Mining Company in Western Australia runs the world's largest network of driverless trains, with 1,700 km (1,100 mi) of freight railways run by an increasing number of completely unattended trains.

Grade-of-Automation 4 (GoA4)[]

Barcelona Metro line 9 without train driver (GoA4)

In this system, trains are capable of operating automatically at all times, including door closing, obstacle detection and emergency situations. On-board staff may be provided for other purposes, e.g. customer service, but are not required for safe operation. Controls are often provided to drive the train manually in the event of a computer failure.

Examples include the Paris Metro Line 14, Barcelona Metro line 9, Sydney Metro, and the Copenhagen Metro.

Grade-of-Automation 3 (GoA3)[]

In this system, trains run automatically from station to station but a staff member is always in the train, with responsibility for handling of emergency situations. In a GoA3 system, the train cannot operate safely without the staff member on board.

Examples include the Docklands Light Railway.

Grade-of-Automation 2 (GoA2)[]

In this system, trains run automatically from station to station but a driver is in the cab, with responsibility for door closing, obstacle detection on the track in front of the train and handling of emergency situations. As in a GoA3 system, the GoA2 train cannot operate safely without the staff member on board.

Examples include the London Underground Victoria line.

Standard systems for automated operation[]

  • Alstom
  • Ansaldo STS
  • AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro
  • Bombardier
  • SelTrac
  • Siemens
  • VAL

Grade-of-Automation 4 systems[]

These systems are capable of unattended train operation (UTO), although some operators may choose to staff trains anyway.

GoA4 – Americas[]

AirTrain JFK system
LINK Train at Toronto Pearson International Airport
Country/region Name of system Line Date System Notes
Brazil Brazil Porto Alegre Metro Metro-Airport Connection 10 August 2013 Aeromovel
São Paulo Metro Line 2 (Green) Bombardier CITYFLO 650 [3]
Line 4 (Yellow) 25 May 2010 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC First completely driverless metro line in Latin America[4]
Line 15 (Silver) 30 August 2014 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Canada Canada LINK Train 6 July 2006 DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car
SkyTrain Expo Line 11 December 1985 SelTrac The longest driverless network in the Americas, at 79.6 km.[5]
Millennium Line 7 January 2002
Canada Line 17 August 2009
Chile Chile Santiago Metro Line 3 22 January 2019 SelTrac
Line 6 2 November 2017
Mexico Mexico Aerotrén 2007 DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car
United States United States AeroTrain 20 January 2010 SelTrac
Airport Transit System 6 May 1993 VAL system
AirTrain JFK 17 December 2003 SelTrac
AirTrain Newark 31 May 1996 SelTrac
AirTrain SFO 24 February 2003 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Aria Express 1 December 2009 DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car
Bay Area Rapid Transit BART to OAK line 22 November 2014 DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car
Cincinnati Airport People Mover 9 June 1994 Otis Hovair
Detroit People Mover 1987 SelTrac
DFW Skylink 21 May 2005 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
DIA Automated Guideway Transit 28 February 1995 Bombardier CITYFLO 550
ExpressTram 24 February 2002 Otis Hovair
George Bush Intercontinental Airport People Movers Skyway 24 May 1999 Bombardier CITYFLO 550
Subway 1969 WEDway [a]
Getty Center Tram 1997 Otis Hovair
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport People Movers The Plane Train 21 September 1980 Bombardier CITYFLO 550
ATL Skytrain 8 December 2009
Huntsville Hospital Tram System 19 June 2002 Otis Hovair
Jacksonville Skyway 1989 SelTrac
Las Vegas Monorail 2004 SelTrac
Mandalay Bay Tram 9 April 1999 DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car
McCarran International Airport Automated People Movers Green Line 1985 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Blue Line 1998
Red Line 2012
Memphis Suspension Railway 1982
Miami International Airport People Movers MIA e Train 1980 MiniMetro [b]
Skytrain 15 September 2010 Mitsubishi Crystal Mover
MIA Mover 9 September 2011
Miami Metromover 17 April 1986 Bombardier CITYFLO 550
Minneapolis–St. Paul Airport Trams Hub Tram 3 April 2001 Otis Hovair
'C' Concourse People Mover 5 May 2004
Morgantown Personal Rapid Transit 1975
Orlando International Airport People Movers Airside systems 1981 Mitsubishi Crystal Mover
Intermodal Terminal system 2017
PHX Sky Train 8 April 2013 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Pittsburgh International Airport People Mover 1 October 1992 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Satellite Transit System 1973 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
SMF Automated People Mover 6 October 2011 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Tampa International Airport People Movers Airside systems 1971 Bombardier CITYFLO 550
Monorail 1991
SkyConnect 2018
Venezuela Venezuela Cabletren Bolivariano 14 August 2013 DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car

GoA4 – Asia[]

A Magenta Line Train waiting at a station in Delhi.
Country/region Name of system Line Date System Notes
China China (Mainland) Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 3 People Mover March 2008 Bombardier CITYFLO 550
Beijing Subway Yanfang line 30 December 2017 BTCT [6]
Daxing Airport Express 26 September 2019 [7]
Chengdu Metro Line 9 18 December 2020 Alstom Urbalis 400 [8]
Chongqing Rail Transit Bishan rubber-tyred tram 16 April 2021 BYD SkyShuttle
Guangzhou Metro APM Line 8 November 2010 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Shanghai Metro Line 10 10 April 2010 Alstom/CASCO Urbalis 888[9] Initially operated in GoA2 and GoA3 transitioned to GoA4 in 2020[10]
Line 15 23 January 2021 Alstom Urbalis 400 [11]
Line 18 26 December 2020
Pujiang line 31 March 2018 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Taiyuan Metro Line 2 26 December 2020
Xi'an Qujiang Sightseeing Monorail 2015
Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong International Airport Automated People Mover 6 July 1998 SelTrac
MTR Disneyland Resort line 1 August 2005 SelTrac Most trains have an attendant on board
South Island line (East) 28 December 2016 Alstom Urbalis 400 All trains have an attendant on board[12]
India India Delhi Metro Pink Line 14 March 2018 Bombardier CITYFLO 650 58.59 km (36.41 mi). Initially with an attendant on board
Magenta Line 25 December 2017 Nippon Signal SPARCS Initially with an attendant on board
Grey Line 4 October 2019 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Japan Japan Kanazawa Seaside Line 5 July 1989
Kobe New Transit Port Island Line 5 February 1981 World's first GoA4 line
Rokkō Island Line 21 February 1990
Linimo 6 March 2005 World's first unmanned maglev
Osaka Metro Nanko Port Town Line 1991 Previously used GoA2 from 1981 to 1991
Skyrail Midorizaka Line 28 August 1998 People Mover monorail
Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation Nippori-Toneri Liner 30 March 2008
Wing Shuttle 4 September 1994
Yurikamome 1 November 1995
Macau Macau Macau Light Rapid Transit Taipa Line 10 December 2019 [13]
Malaysia Malaysia KLIA Aerotrain 1998 Bombardier CITYFLO 550
Rapid KL Kelana Jaya Line 1 September 1998 SelTrac The first GoA4 in Malaysia, at 46.4 km (28.8 mi)
Kajang Line 16 December 2016 Bombardier CITYFLO 650 The second GoA4 and the longest in Malaysia, at 51 km (32 mi)
Ampang Line 2017 SelTrac [c]
Sri Petaling Line
Melaka Monorail 4 December 2017
Pakistan Pakistan Lahore Metro Orange Line 25 October 2020 CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive The first driverless metro in Pakistan.
Qatar Qatar Doha Metro Red Line 8 May 2019 SelTrac
Green Line 10 December 2019
Gold Line 21 November 2019
Hamad International Airport Shuttle 2014 DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University Automated People Mover 2012 AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro
Singapore Singapore Changi Airport Skytrain 1990 Kyosan APM [d]
Light Rail Transit (Singapore) Bukit Panjang LRT line 6 November 1999 Bombardier CITYFLO 550
Sengkang LRT line 18 January 2003 Kyosan APM
Punggol LRT line 29 January 2005
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) North East MRT line 20 June 2003 Alstom Urbalis 300 [e][f]
Circle MRT line 28 May 2009
Downtown MRT line 22 December 2013 Siemens Trainguard Sirius CBTC
North South MRT line 2017[15] Thales Seltrac® Convergence CBTC[16]
East West MRT line 18 June 2017 (Tuas West extension)
28 May 2018 (whole line)[15]
Thomson–East Coast MRT line 31 January 2020[17] Alstom Urbalis 400
South Korea South Korea Busan-Gimhae Light Rail Transit 9 September 2011 SelTrac
Busan Metro Line 4 30 March 2011
Daegu Metro Line 3 23 April 2015
Incheon Airport Maglev 3 February 2016
Incheon Airport Shuttle train 20 June 2008
Incheon Subway Line 2 30 July 2016 SelTrac
Seoul Light Rapid Transit U Line 1 July 2012 VAL system
Everline 26 April 2013 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Ui LRT 2 September 2017
Gimpo Goldline 28 September 2019 Nippon Signal SPARCS
Seoul Metropolitan Subway Shinbundang Line 28 October 2011 SelTrac
Wolmi Sea Train 8 October 2019 Urbanaut
Taiwan Taiwan Taichung Metro Green Line 25 April 2021 Alstom Urbalis 400
Taipei Metro Wenhu Line 28 March 1996 Bombardier CITYFLO 650 [g][h]
Circular Line 31 January 2020 AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro Currently operated with attendant on-board
Taoyuan International Airport Skytrain 18 January 2003
Thailand Thailand BTS Skytrain Gold Line 16 December 2020 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Turkey Turkey Istanbul Metro Line M5 15 September 2017 Bombardier CITYFLO 650 [i][18]
Line M7 28 October 2020
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates Dubai International Airport Automated People Mover Terminal 1 APM 2016
Terminal 3 APM January 2013
Dubai Metro Red Line 9 September 2009 SelTrac [j]
Green Line 9 September 2011
Dubai Tram 11 November 2014 Alstom Urbalis 400
Palm Jumeirah Monorail 30 April 2009

GoA4 – Europe[]

The Lille Metro is operated using fully automated rubber-tyred VAL vehicles
Country/region Name of system Line Date System Notes
Denmark Denmark Copenhagen Metro Line M1 19 October 2002 Ansaldo STS / AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro
Line M2
Line M3 29 September 2019
Line M4 28 March 2020
France France CDGVAL Line 1 3 April 2007 VAL system
Line 2 27 June 2007
Lille Metro Line A 25 April 1983 VAL system First line to use the VAL system
Line B 1 April 1989
Lyon Metro Line D 11 December 1992 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC [k][l]
Orlyval 2 October 1991 VAL system
Paris Metro Line 1 3 November 2011 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC [k]
Line 4 2022 (Under conversion) Currently under conversion from manual to driverless operation
Line 14 15 October 1998
Rennes Metro Line A 15 March 2002 VAL system
Line B 2020
Toulouse Metro Line A 26 June 1993 VAL system
Line B 30 June 2007
Germany Germany Dortmund H-Bahn 2 May 1984 SIPEM
Düsseldorf Airport SkyTrain 1 July 2002 SIPEM
Munich Airport Satellite Terminal Shuttle Train 2016 Bombardier CITYFLO 650 [19]
Nuremberg U-Bahn Line U2 2 January 2010 [k]
Line U3 14 June 2008
SkyLine 1994 VAL system
Hungary Hungary Budapest Metro Line 4 28 March 2014 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC [20]
Italy Italy Brescia Metro 2 March 2013 Ansaldo STS / AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro
Marconi Express 18 November 2020
Milan Metro Line 4 2022 (Under construction) Ansaldo STS / AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro
Line 5 10 February 2013
Pisa Mover 2017 MiniMetro
Rome Metro Line C 9 November 2014 Ansaldo STS / AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro
SkyBridge 1999
Turin Metro Line M1 4 February 2006 VAL system [m]
Venice People Mover 19 April 2010 DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car
Russia Russia Automated Passenger Transportation System June 2018 DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car
Spain Spain Barcelona Metro Line 9 13 December 2009 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC 47.8 km (29.7 mi)
Line 10 10 April 2010
Madrid Barajas Airport People Mover December 2005 Bombardier CITYFLO 550
Switzerland Switzerland Lausanne Metro Line M2 27 October 2008 Alstom Urbalis 300
Skymetro September 2003 Otis Hovair
United Kingdom United Kingdom AirRail Link 7 March 2003 DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car
Gatwick Airport Shuttle Transit 1987 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Heathrow Terminal 5 Transit 2008 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Stansted Airport Transit System 1991 Bombardier CITYFLO 550

GoA4 – Oceania[]

Sydney Metro Alstom Metropolis
Country/region Name of system Line Date System Notes
Australia Australia Pilbara railways Rio Tinto iron ore trains from Roy Hill 28 December 2018 Hitachi AutoHaul [n]
Sydney Metro North West Line 26 May 2019 Alstom Urbalis 400 [o]

Grade-of-Automation 3 systems[]

Whereas Docklands Light Railway trains are driverless and do not have a separate cab, there is provision for manual operation

GoA3 – Americas[]

Country/region Name of system Line Date System Notes
Brazil Brazil Salvador Metro Line 1 2014 SelTrac[21] [p]
Line 2 2016
São Paulo Metro Line 1 (Blue) March 1976 ATO [q]
Line 2 (Green) February 2016 Alstom Urbalis 400
Line 3 (Red) 10 March 1979 ATO
Line 5 (Lilac) 12 March 2017 Bombardier CITYFLO 650 [r]
United States United States Walt Disney World Monorail System 2016 SelTrac

GoA3 – Asia[]

Country/region Name of system Line Date System Notes
China China (Mainland) Beijing Subway Capital Airport Express 19 July 2008 Alstom Urbalis 400
Shanghai Pudong Airport APM 16 September 2019 FITSCO JeRail
Shanghai Metro Line 5 June 2018 Thales, Shanghai Electric TSTCBTC2.0 Initially operated in GoA1 (Manual operation) [s][23]
Line 17 30 December 2017 CASCO TRANAVI [24]
Wuhan Metro Yangluo line 26 December 2017 CASCO [25]
Indonesia Indonesia Soekarno–Hatta Airport Skytrain 2020 [t]
Japan Japan Disney Resort Line 27 July 2001
Singapore Singapore Sentosa Express November 2017 Hitachi Moving Block Wireless CBTC

GoA3 – Europe[]

Country/region Name of system Line Date System Notes
Bulgaria Bulgaria Sofia Metro Line 3 26 August 2020 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC [26]
Hungary Hungary Budapest Metro Line 2 2013 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC [u]
Spain Spain Barcelona Metro Line 11 2009 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC
United Kingdom United Kingdom Docklands Light Railway 31 August 1987 SelTrac [v]

Grade-of-Automation 2 systems[]

GoA2 – Africa[]

Country/region Name of system Line Date System Notes
Algeria Algeria Algiers Metro Line 1 1 November 2011 Siemens CBTC

GoA2 – Americas[]

Control panel of a BART train, which has a black knob to allow the driver to switch between different modes of operation
Much like BART, Washington Metro trains also have a rotary switch to allow the driver to switch between automatic and manual operation
Country/region Name of system Line Date System Notes
Argentina Argentina Buenos Aires Underground Line C 2016 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC
Line H
Canada Canada Montreal Metro Line 1 Green 1976 [k]
Line 2 Orange
Line 5 Blue 1986
O-Train Confederation Line 14 September 2019 SelTrac
Toronto subway Line 1 Yonge–University December 2017 Alstom Urbalis 400 [w]
Line 3 Scarborough March 1985 SelTrac [x]
Chile Chile Santiago Metro Line 1 2012 Alstom Urbalis 400
Mexico Mexico Guadalajara light rail system Line 3 14 September 2020
Mexico City Metro Line 12 30 October 2012 Alstom Urbalis 400
Panama Panama Panama Metro Line 1 6 April 2014 Alstom Urbalis 400
Line 2 25 April 2019
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Tren Urbano 19 December 2004 [y]
United States United States Bay Area Rapid Transit Orange Line 11 September 1972
Yellow Line 21 May 1973
Green Line 16 August 1974
Red Line 19 April 1976
Blue Line 10 May 1997
Los Angeles Metro Rail B Line 1993 US&S
C Line 1995 [z]
D Line 2006
MARTA rail Red Line 1996
Gold Line 1981
Blue Line 1979
Green Line 1992
Muni Metro Market Street Subway / Twin Peaks Tunnel 1997 SelTrac [aa]
New York City Subway BMT Canarsie Line (L train) 2012 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC [27][28]
IRT Flushing Line (7 and <7>​ trains) 10 May 2019 Thales CBTC [29]
PATCO Speedline Between Philadelphia and New Jersey 4 January 1969
Washington Metro Red Line 27 March 1976 [ab]
Blue Line 1 July 1977
Orange Line 20 November 1978
Yellow Line 30 April 1983
Green Line 11 May 1991
Silver Line 26 July 2014

GoA2 – Asia[]

Many metro systems with automatic train operation, such as the Tokyo Metro Namboku Line, are equipped with platform screen doors
Country/region Name of system Line Date System Notes
China China (Mainland) Beijing Subway Line 1 9 December 2015 CASCO/Alstom Urbalis 888[9] Previously used Westinghouse ATC in GoA1[31]
Line 2 9 June 2008
Line 4 28 September 2009 SelTrac
Line 5 7 October 2007 Westinghouse ATC Newer BTCT LCF-300 will be added and interoperable with existing system
Line 6 30 December 2012 CASCO/Alstom Urbalis 888[9]
Line 7 28 December 2014 LCF-300
Line 8 19 July 2008 CRSC FL300
Line 9 31 December 2011 CASCO Urbalis 888
Line 10 19 July 2008 Siemens Trainguard CBTC
Line 14 5 May 2013 BTCT LCF-300
Line 15 30 December 2010 Nippon Signal SPARCS
Line 16 31 December 2016 BTCT LCF-300
Ba Tong Line 3 November 2019 CASCO Urbalis 888 Previously used Westinghouse ATC in GoA1[32]
Changping Line 30 December 2010 BTCT LCF-300
Daxing Line SelTrac
Fangshan Line CASCO/Alstom Urbalis 888[9]
Yizhuang Line BTCT LCF-300
S1 Line 30 December 2017
Changchun Rail Transit Line 1 30 June 2017 CASCO Urbalis 888
Line 2 30 August 2018
Line 4 30 June 2011
Changsha Maglev Express 6 May 2016
Changsha Metro Line 1 28 June 2016
Line 2 29 April 2014
Line 3 28 June 2020
Line 4 26 May 2019
Line 5 28 June 2020
Changzhou Metro Line 1 21 September 2019 Bombardier CITYFLO 650 [33]
Line 2 28 June 2021
Chengdu Metro Line 1 27 September 2010 Ansaldo STS CBTC
Line 2 16 September 2012
Line 3 31 July 2016 BTCT LCF-300
Line 4 26 December 2015 Alstom Urbalis 400
Line 5 27 December 2019 BTCT LCF-300
Line 6 18 December 2020
Line 7 6 December 2017 Alstom Urbalis 400
Line 8 18 December 2020
Line 10 6 September 2017 Ansaldo STS CBTC
Line 17 18 December 2020
Line 18 27 September 2020 CASCO Urbalis 888
China Railway Beijing–Zhangjiakou intercity railway 30 December 2019 CTCS-3+ATO [ac]
Chongqing Rail Transit Loop Line 28 December 2018 BTCT LCF-300 Interoperable with other lines with Type As trainset despite different suppliers
Line 1 28 July 2011 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC
Line 3 29 September 2011 BTCT CBTC
Line 4 28 December 2018 UniTTEC BiTRACON CBTC Interoperable with other lines with Type As trainset despite different suppliers
Line 5 28 December 2017 CRSC FZL300
Line 6 28 September 2012 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC
Line 10 28 December 2017 CARS MTC-I Interoperable with other lines with Type As trainset despite different suppliers
Dalian Metro Line 1 30 October 2015 Ansaldo STS CBTC
Line 2 22 May 2015
Line 12 30 December 2013 CRSC
Dongguan Rail Transit Line 2 27 May 2016 SelTrac CBTC
Foshan Metro Line 1 3 November 2010 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC
Fuzhou Metro Line 1 18 May 2016 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC
Line 2 26 April 2019
Guangzhou Metro Line 1 28 June 1997 Siemens LZB 700M
Line 2 25 September 2010
Line 3 26 December 2005 SelTrac
Line 4 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC
Line 5 28 December 2009
Line 6 28 December 2013 CASCO Urbalis 888
Line 7 28 December 2016 CARS MTC-I
Line 8 25 September 2010 Siemens LZB 700M
Line 9 28 December 2017 SelTrac
Line 13 CASCO Urbalis 888
Line 14 SelTrac
Line 21 28 December 2018
Guiyang Metro Line 1 28 December 2017 BTCT LCF-300
Line 2 28 April 2021
Harbin Metro Line 1 26 September 2013 Kyosan
Line 3 26 January 2017
Hangzhou Metro Line 1 24 November 2012 Ansaldo STS CBTC
Line 2 24 November 2014
Line 4 2 February 2015 UniTTEC BiTRACON CBTC [34]
Line 5 24 June 2019
Line 6 30 December 2020
Line 7
Line 8 28 June 2021 CASCO Urbalis 888
Line 9 10 July 2021
Line 16 23 April 2020 SelTrac CBTC
Hangzhou–Haining intercity railway 28 June 2021
Hefei Metro Line 1 26 December 2016 SelTrac CBTC
Line 2 26 December 2017
Line 3 26 December 2019 CRSC FZL-300
26 December 2020
Hohhot Metro Line 1 29 December 2019 CASCO Urbalis 888
Line 2 1 October 2020
Jinan Metro Line 1 1 April 2019
Line 2 26 March 2021
Line 3 28 December 2019 CASCO Urbalis 888
Kunming Metro Line 1 20 May 2013 CASCO/Alstom Urbalis 888[9]
Line 2 30 April 2014
Line 3 29 August 2017 CASCO Urbalis 888
Line 4 23 September 2020
Line 6 29 August 2017 CASCO Urbalis 888
Lanzhou Metro Line 1 23 June 2019 CASCO Urbalis 888
Nanchang Metro Line 1 26 December 2015 SelTrac CBTC
Line 2 18 August 2017
Line 3 26 December 2020
Nanjing Metro Line 1 3 September 2005 Siemens LZB 700 M
Line 2 28 May 2010 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC
Line 3 1 April 2015
Line 4 18 January 2017
Line 10 1 July 2014 Siemens LZB 700M
Line S1 SelTrac CBTC
Line S3 6 December 2017
Line S7 26 May 2018 SelTrac CBTC
Line S8 1 August 2014 CASCO Urbalis 888
Line S9 30 December 2017 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC
Nanning Metro Line 1 28 June 2016 CASCO Urbalis 888
Line 2 28 December 2017
Line 3 6 June 2019
Line 4 23 November 2020
Ningbo Rail Transit Line 1 30 May 2014 Alstom Urbalis 400
Line 2 26 September 2015
Line 3 30 June 2019
Line 4 23 December 2020
Yinfeng Line 28 September 2019
Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region intercity railway Guangzhu ICR 7 January 2011 CASCO INTXIS Within CTCS-2 framework, plus ATO function[35]
Guanhui ICR 30 March 2016
Guangfozhao ICR
Suishen ICR 15 December 2019
Zhuji ICR 18 August 2020
Qingdao Metro Line 1 24 December 2020
Line 2 10 December 2017
Line 3 16 December 2015
Line 8 24 December 2020
Line 11 23 April 2018 CASCO Urbalis 888
Line 13 26 December 2018
Shanghai Maglev Train 2004 Transrapid
Shanghai Metro Line 1 1995 General Railway Signal Micro Cabmatic
Line 2 11 June 2000 Union Switch & Signal International MicroCab [ad]
Line 3 26 December 2000 SACEM/Urbalis 200
Line 4 31 December 2005
Line 6 2011 Seltrac
Line 7 2010
Line 8 2011
Line 9
Line 11 2012
Line 12 29 December 2013 CASCO Urbalis 888
Line 13 20 April 2010
Line 16 29 December 2013
Shaoxing Metro Line 1 28 June 2021
Shenyang Metro Line 1 27 September 2010 Ansaldo STS CBTC
Line 2 9 January 2012
Line 9 25 May 2019 CASCO Urbalis 888
Line 10 29 April 2020
Shenzhen Metro Line 1 28 December 2004 Siemens LZB 700M
Line 2 28 December 2010 CASCO/Alstom Urbalis 888[9]
Line 3 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Line 4 28 December 2004 Siemens LZB 700M
Line 5 22 June 2011 CASCO Urbalis 888
Line 6 18 August 2020
Line 7 28 October 2016 BTCT LCF-300
Line 8 28 October 2020 CASCO Urbalis 888
Line 9 28 October 2016 SelTrac CBTC
Line 10 18 August 2020 BTCT LCF-300
Line 11 28 June 2016 CASCO/Alstom Urbalis 888[9]
Shijiazhuang Metro Line 1 26 June 2017
Line 2 26 August 2020
Line 3 26 June 2017
Suzhou Rail Transit Line 1 28 April 2012
Line 2 28 December 2013
Line 3 25 December 2019 CASCO Urbalis 888
Line 4 15 April 2017
Line 5 29 June 2021
Tianjin Metro Line 1 12 June 2006
Line 2 1 July 2012 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Line 3 1 October 2012
Line 5 22 October 2018
Line 6 6 August 2016
Line 9 March 28 2006
Ürümqi Metro Line 1 25 October 2018
Wenzhou Metro Line S1 23 January 2019
Wuhan Metro Line 1 28 July 2004 SelTrac
Line 2 28 December 2012 CASCO/Alstom Urbalis 888[9]
Line 3 28 December 2015
Line 4 28 December 2013 Alstom Urbalis 400
Line 6 28 December 2016 CASCO/Alstom Urbalis 888[9]
Line 7 1 October 2018
Line 8 26 December 2017 CASCO Urbalis 888
Line 11 1 October 2018
Wuxi Metro Line 1 1 July 2014 Alstom Urbalis 400
Line 2 28 December 2014
Line 3 28 October 2020
Xi'an Metro Line 1 15 September 2013 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC
Line 2 16 September 2011 Ansaldo STS CBTC
Line 3 8 November 2016
Line 4 26 December 2018 CASCO Urbalis 888
Line 5 28 December 2020
Airport Intercity Railway 29 September 2019
Xiamen Metro Line 1 31 December 2017 CASCO Urbalis 888
Line 2 25 December 2019
25 June 2021
Xuzhou Metro Line 1 28 September 2019
Line 2 28 November 2020
28 June 2021
Zhengzhou Metro Line 1 28 December 2013
Line 2 19 August 2016 CASCO/Alstom Urbalis 888[9]
Line 3 26 December 2020
Line 4
Line 5 20 May 2019 CASCO Urbalis 888
Line 14 19 September 2019 CASCO TRANAVI
Chengjiao Line 12 January 2017 CASCO Urbalis 888
Hong Kong Hong Kong MTR Kwun Tong line 1 October 1979 SACEM [ae]
Tsuen Wan line 17 May 1982
Island line 31 May 1985
Tung Chung line 21 June 1998
Airport Express 6 July 1998
Tseung Kwan O line 18 August 2002
East Rail line 6 February 2021 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC Replaced the Alstom TBL system which used ATO since 2002
West Rail line 20 December 2003 SelTrac
Tuen Ma line 21 December 2004
India India Ahmedabad Metro East-West Corridor 4 March 2019 Nippon Signal SPARCS
Chennai Metro Blue Line 21 September 2016
Green Line 25 September 2015
Delhi Metro Red Line 25 December 2002 Alstom Urbalis 200 [af]
Yellow Line 20 December 2004
Blue Line 31 December 2005 Siemens [ag]
Green Line 3 April 2010 Bombardier CITYFLO 350
Violet Line 3 October 2010
Airport Express 23 February 2011
Hyderabad Metro Red Line 28 November 2017 SelTrac [ah]
Blue Line
Green Line 7 February 2020
Kochi Metro Line 1 17 June 2017 Alstom Urbalis 400
Kolkata Metro Line 1
Line 2 13 February 2020 Ansaldo STS CBTC
Lucknow Metro Red Line 5 September 2017 Alstom Urbalis 400
Mumbai Metro Line 1 8 June 2014 Siemens LZB 700M
Nagpur Metro Orange Line 7 March 2019
Aqua Line 28 January 2020
Namma Metro Purple Line 20 October 2011 Alstom Urbalis 200
Green Line 1 March 2014
Noida Metro Aqua Line 25 January 2019 Ansaldo STS CBTC
Rapid Metro Gurgaon 14 November 2013
Indonesia Indonesia Jakarta LRT LRT Line A 1 December 2019
Jakarta MRT MRT Line 1 24 March 2019 Nippon Signal SPARCS [37][38]
Japan Japan Fukuoka City Subway Kūkō Line
Hakozaki Line
Nanakuma Line 3 February 2005
Kobe Municipal Subway Seishin-Yamate Line
Kaigan Line 7 June 2001
Hokushin Line 2 April 1988 [ai]
Kyoto Municipal Subway Tōzai Line 12 October 1997
Nagoya Municipal Subway Higashiyama Line 2015
Sakura-dōri Line 16 February 1994
Okinawa Urban Monorail 10 August 2003
Osaka Metro Tanimachi Line [aj]
Sennichimae Line 2015 [ak]
Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line 31 March 1990
Saitama Railway Saitama Rapid Railway Line 28 March 2001 [al]
Sapporo Municipal Subway Namboku Line 2012
Tōzai Line 2008 [am]
Tōhō Line 2016
Sendai Subway Nanboku Line 15 July 1987 [an]
Tōzai Line 6 December 2015
Tama Toshi Monorail 27 November 1998
Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line [ao]
Namboku Line
Fukutoshin Line
Yūrakuchō Line
Chiyoda Line (Kita-Ayase branch)
Hibiya Line [ap]
Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation Toei Ōedo Line 10 December 1991
Toei Mita Line
Tsukuba Express 24 August 2005
Yokohama Municipal Subway Blue Line 20 January 2007
Green Line 30 March 2008
Malaysia Malaysia Express Rail Link KLIA Ekspres 14 April 2002 Bombardier CITYFLO 550
KLIA Transit
Rapid KL KL Monorail 31 August 2003
Philippines Philippines Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 2 5 April 2003
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Mecca Metro Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro line 13 November 2010 SelTrac
South Korea South Korea Busan Metro Line 1 19 July 1985
Line 2 30 June 1999
Line 3 28 November 2005
Daegu Metro Line 1 26 November 1997
Line 2 18 October 2005
Daejeon Metro Line 1 16 March 2006
Gwangju Metro Line 1 28 April 2004
Incheon Subway Line 1 6 October 1999
Seoul Metropolitan Subway Line 2 2010 Siemens LZB 700M [aq]
Line 5 15 November 1995 [ar]
Line 6 7 August 2000
Line 7 11 October 1996
Line 8 23 November 1999
Line 9 24 July 2009
AREX 23 March 2007
Bundang Line 2006 SelTrac [as]
Seohae Line 16 June 2018 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC
Taiwan Taiwan Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Red line 9 March 2008
Orange line 14 September 2008
Taipei Metro Tamsui–Xinyi line 28 March 1997
Songshan–Xindian line 24 December 1998
Zhonghe–Xinlu line
Bannan line 24 December 1999
Taoyuan Metro Taoyuan Airport MRT 2 March 2017 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC
Thailand Thailand BTS Skytrain Sukhumvit Line 5 December 1999 Bombardier CITYFLO 450
Silom Line
MRT (Bangkok) Blue Line 3 July 2004 Siemens LZB 700M
Purple Line 6 August 2016 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
State Railway of Thailand Suvarnabhumi Airport Rail Link 23 August 2010 Siemens LZB 700M
Turkey Turkey Ankara Metro Batıkent Metrosu (M1) 29 December 1997 Ansaldo STS CBTC[39] Previously used Seltrac CBTC [at]
Koru Metrosu (M2) 2014
Törekent Metrosu (M3)
Keçiören Metrosu (M4) 5 January 2017
İstanbul Metro Line M2 16 September 2000 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC
Line M3 14 June 2013 Bombardier CITYFLO 350
Line M4 17 August 2012 Seltrac CBTC
Line M6 19 April 2015 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC
Marmaray 29 October 2013 Invensys Sirius CBTC

GoA2 – Europe[]

The Victoria line of the London Underground in London was the first metro line to be equipped with automatic train operation
Country/region Name of system Line Date System Notes
Austria Austria Vienna U-Bahn Line U1 [au]
Line U2
Line U3
Line U4
Belarus Belarus Minsk Metro Zelenaluzhskaya line 6 November 2020
Czech Republic Czech Republic Prague Metro Line A AŽD Praha LZA
Line B [av]
Line C Siemens PA 135
Finland Finland Helsinki Metro Line M1 2014 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC [aw]
Line M2
France France Lyon Metro Line A MAGGALY
Line B
Paris Metro Line 2
Line 3 2010  [fr]
Line 4 [ax]
Line 5 2013 OCTYS System
Line 6
Line 7
Line 8
Line 9 OCTYS System
Line 11
Line 12
Line 13 2013 SelTrac Planned conversion to GoA4
Paris RER RER A September 1989 SACEM
Germany Germany Düsseldorf Stadtbahn [ay]
Munich U-Bahn [az]
Hungary Hungary Budapest Metro Line 3 [k]
Italy Italy Milan Metro Line 1 2010 Alstom Urbalis
Line 3
Netherlands Netherlands Amsterdam Metro Route 50 Alstom Urbalis 400
Route 51
Route 52 30 July 2018 [40]
Route 53
Route 54
Romania Romania Bucharest Metro Line M1 Bombardier CITYFLO 350
Line M2
Line M3
Line M4 Siemens TBS100FB
Line M5 15 September 2020 Alstom Urbalis 400
Russia Russia Kazan Metro Central Line 27 August 2005 Dvizhenie
Saint Petersburg Metro Line 2 Dvizhenie
Line 4 PUAV
Line 5 PA-M
Spain Spain Barcelona Metro Line 1 Bombardier CITYFLO 350
Line 2
Line 3 Bombardier CITYFLO 350
Line 5
Bilbao Metro Line 1 11 November 1995 Bombardier CITYFLO 350
Line 2 13 April 2002
Line 3 8 April 2017
Madrid Metro Line 1 July 2009 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Line 2 2011
Line 3
Line 4
Line 5
Line 6 July 2008 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Line 7 2011 Invensys CBTC
Line 8
Line 9
Line 10
Line 11
Line 12
Ramal
Málaga Metro Line 1 30 July 2014 Alstom Urbalis 400 [41]
Line 2
Metrovalencia Line 1 [ba]
Line 2 [bb]
Seville Metro Line 1 2 April 2009 Bombardier CITYFLO 350
Sweden Sweden Stockholm Metro Line 17
Line 18
Line 19
United Kingdom United Kingdom Glasgow Subway 16 April 1980
London Underground Victoria line 1967
Central line 1990s (mid-decade) [k][bc]
Jubilee line 2011 [k][bd]
Northern line 2012 [k][be]
Thameslink 2018 [bf]

Future systems[]

Americas[]

Country/region Name of system Line Date System Notes
Argentina Argentina Buenos Aires Underground Line A
Line B
Line D
Line F 2022–2024
Brazil Brazil Manaus Monorail SelTrac
São Paulo Metro Line 1 2021 Alstom Urbalis 400 [bg]
Line 3
Line 6 Nippon Signal SPARCS [bh][43]
Line 17 SelTrac [44][45]
Canada Canada Réseau express métropolitain South Shore (Brossard) 2021 Alstom Metropolis
Deux-Montagnes 2022
Trudeau Airport 2023
Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue 2023
Toronto subway Line 1 Yonge–University 2020–2021 Alstom Urbalis 400 [bi]
Line 2 Bloor–Danforth 2030
Line 5 Eglinton 2022 Bombardier CITYFLO 650 [bj]
Chile Chile Santiago Metro Line 7 2028 SelTrac
Line 8
Line 9
Peru Peru Lima Metro Line 2 2022 AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro
Line 4 2025
United States United States Honolulu Rail Transit 2020 AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro
New York City Subway IND Culver Line (F, <F>, and ​G trains) 2022 SelTrac
IND Queens Boulevard Line (E, ​F, <F>, ​M, and ​R trains) Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC
IND Eighth Avenue Line (A, ​C, and ​E trains) 2024

Asia[]

Country/region Name of system Line Date System Notes
China China Beijing Subway Line 3 2022 [48]
Line 11 2021
Line 12
Line 17 2022
Line 19 2021
Line 22 2023
Line 28 2022
Changsha Metro Line 6 2021
Changzhou Metro Line 2 2021
Chongqing Rail Transit Line 9 2021
Line 18 2023
Dalian Metro Line 5 2023
Line 13 2021
Dongguan Rail Transit Line 1 2022
Foshan Metro Line 2 2021
Line 3 2022
Fuzhou Metro Line 4 2022
Line 5 2023
Line 6 2021
Guangzhou Metro Line 10 2022 MTC-1 [49]
Line 11 2023
Line 12 [49]
Line 18 2021
Line 22 2022
Guiyang Metro Line 3
Line S1
Harbin Metro Line 2 2021
Hangzhou Metro Line 3 2021
Line 7 2021
Line 8
Line 9
Line 10 2022
Airport Express
Fuyang Line 2021
Hangshao Line
Hefei Metro Line 4 2021
Kunming Metro Line 5 2021
Lanzhou Metro Line 2 2022
Luoyang Metro Line 2 2022 CASCO Urbalis 888 [50]
Nanchang Metro Line 4 2021
Nanjing Metro Line 5 2022
Line 6 2024
Line 7 2021 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC [51][52]
Line S4 2022
Line S6 2023
Nanning Metro Line 5 2021 [53]
Nantong Metro Line 1 2022
Line 2 2023 CASCO Urbalis 888 [54]
Ningbo Rail Transit Line 5 2021 [55]
Qingdao Metro Line 4 2022
Line 6 2024 [56]
Line 7 2021
Shanghai Metro Line 14 2021 Thales, Shanghai Electric TSTCBTC2.0 [bk][58][23]
Line 19 2023
Line 20
Line 21
Line 23
Shaoxing Metro Line 1 2021
Hangshao Line 2020
Shenyang Metro Line 3 2025
Line 4 2022
Line 6 2025
Shenzhen Metro Line 12 2022 [59][60][61]
Line 13
Line 14 BTCT [62]
Line 16 2023 CASCO Urbalis 888 [63]
Line 20 2021 CASCO Urbalis 888 [64]
Suzhou Rail Transit Line 5 2021 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC [65]
Line 6 2024
Line 7
Line 8
Line S1 2023 CASCO Urbalis 888 [66]
Tianjin Metro Line 4 2021
Line 7 2024
Line 8 2022 [67]
Line 10 2021
Line 11 2023
Line B1
Line Z4
Taiyuan Metro Line 1 2024
Ürümqi Metro Line 2 2022
Wenzhou Metro Line S2 2023
Wuhan Metro Line 5 2021 [25]
Line 12 2023
Line 16 2021
Line 19 2023
Wuxi Metro Line 4 2021
Line S1 2024
Xi'an Metro Line 8 2024
Line 10
Line 14 2021
Line 16 2023
Xiamen Metro Line 3 2021
Line 4
Line 6 2022
Xuzhou Metro Line 3 2021
Zhengzhou Metro Line 6 2021
Line 10 2022
[68]
Line 17 2021
India India Ahmedabad Metro North-South Line 2022
Kolkata Metro Line 3 2021
Line 4
Line 5
Line 6 2021
Lucknow Metro Blue Line 2022
Mumbai Metro Line 2 2021
Line 3 2021
Line 4
Line 5 2022
Line 6
Line 7 2021
Line 8
Line 9 2021
Line 10 2022
Line 11
Line 12
Line 13
Line 14
Navi Mumbai Metro Line 1 2021 Ansaldo STS CBTC
Namma Metro Yellow Line 2023
Pink Line
Indonesia Indonesia Greater Jakarta LRT LRT Line 1 2022 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC [69][70]
LRT Line 2
LRT Line 3
Malaysia Malaysia Rapid KL Bandar Utama-Klang Line 2024 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC
Putrajaya Line 2021 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Malaysia Malaysia / Singapore Singapore RTS Link 2026
Singapore Singapore Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) Jurong Region Line 2026-2028 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC [71]
Cross Island Line 2029-2031 [72]
South Korea South Korea Busan Metro Line 5 2023
Seoul Light Rapid Transit Sillim Line 2021
Dongbuk Line 2024
Taiwan Taiwan New Taipei Metro Sanying Line 2023 AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro
Taoyuan Metro Green Line 2025 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC
Thailand Thailand MRT (Bangkok) Orange Line 2023
Pink Line Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Yellow Line 2022
SRT Red Lines Dark Red Line 2021
Light Red Line
Turkey Turkey Istanbul Metro Line M8 2021 Bombardier CITYFLO 650 [bl]
Line M9 2022
Line M10 2021
Line M11 2021
Line M12 2024 Bombardier CITYFLO 650 [bl]
Line M13
Vietnam Vietnam Hanoi Metro Line 2A 2021
Line 3 2023
Ho Chi Minh City Metro Line 1 2021

Europe[]

Country/region Name of system Line Date System Notes
Czech Republic Czech Republic Prague Metro Line D
France France Paris Métro Line 13 2025–2027 [bm]
Line 15 2024–2025
Line 16
Line 17
Line 18 2027
Toulouse Metro Toulouse Aerospace Express 2025 VAL system
Greece Greece Athens Metro Line 4 2028
Thessaloniki Metro Line 1 2023 Ansaldo STS / AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro
Line 2
Republic of Ireland Ireland MetroLink (Dublin) 2027
Italy Italy Milan Metro Milan Metro Line 4 2021–2023 Ansaldo STS / AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro
United Kingdom United Kingdom London Underground All Subsurface Lines:

Circle, District , Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan.

Deep level tube:

Bakerloo, Piccadilly and Waterloo & City.

TfL Rail Crossrail
Turkey Turkey İzmir Metro Üçyol-Çamlıkule Line 2024

Oceania[]

Country/region Name of system Line Date System Notes
Australia Australia Metro Trains Melbourne Sunbury–Dandenong Line 2025–2026 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Queensland Rail City network Cross River Rail 2024
Sydney Metro Sydney Metro West 2030 Alstom Urbalis 400
Western Sydney Airport line 2026

Defunct systems[]

Country/region Name of system Line Date System Notes
Canada Canada Expo Express 1967–1972 Union Switch & Signal [bn]
France France Poma 2000 1989–2016
Germany Germany Berlin M-Bahn 1989–1991 [bo]
Japan Japan Narita Airport Terminal 2 Shuttle System 1992–2013 Otis Hovair [bp]
Portugal Portugal SATUOeiras 2004–2015 MiniMetro
United Kingdom United Kingdom Birmingham Maglev 1984–1995
Post Office Railway 1927–2003 [bq]
United States United States Duke University Medical Center Patient Rapid Transit 1979–2009 Otis Hovair
Harbour Island People Mover 1985-1999 Otis Hovair
Indiana University Health People Mover 2003–2019 UniTrak
Jetrail 1970–1974
Muskingum Electric Railroad 1968–2002 [br]
Vought Airtrans 1974–2005

See also[]

  • Automatic Train Operation
  • Automated guided vehicle
  • Jane's World Railways
  • Communications-based train control

Notes[]

  1. ^ Rebuilt in 1981
  2. ^ Rebuilt in 2016
  3. ^ With train attendants to drive trains in the event of a disruption.
  4. ^ Original system opened in 1990; upgraded to current system in 2006.
  5. ^ The largest fully automated rapid transit network in the world with 202.4 km (125.8 mi) of automated rail lines.[14] Trains may have an attendant on board. Only North South line and East West line has driving cabins.
  6. ^ North South and East West lines were converted from a lower GoA to a higher GoA
  7. ^ Previously used VAL
  8. ^ System started with an attendant on board each train full-time. Gradually over time, the presence of attendants decreased. By September 2017, trains have attendants only while in long tunnel sections.
  9. ^ On the Asian side of Istanbul
  10. ^ Red Line at 52.1 km (32.4 mi). The longest driverless network in the Middle East.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Converted from manual to automated operation
  12. ^ Rubber-tyred trains controlled by a system known as MAGGALY (Métro Automatique à Grand Gabarit de l’Agglomération Lyonnaise).
  13. ^ First fully automatic metro in Italy. First section opened for the 2006 Winter Olympics, completed in 2014.
  14. ^ First completely driverless railway in Australia and first full scale fully automated freight railway in the world.
  15. ^ First completely driverless metro line in Australia.
  16. ^ With train captains monitoring in cab
  17. ^ With train captains monitoring in cab
  18. ^ With train captains monitoring in cab. To be upgraded to GoA4 in 2019-2020
  19. ^ UTO system jointly developed by Thales Group and Shanghai Electric.[22]
  20. ^ Previously operated in manual mode
  21. ^ A supervisor is monitoring the train in the cab
  22. ^ To be converted to GoA4
  23. ^ Between Vaughan Metropolitan Centre and Queen stations
  24. ^ Uses the same train automation system as the Vancouver SkyTrain and the Detroit People Mover; already runs as an ATC/ATO system with an attendant on board.
  25. ^ Entire system is fully automated, but can be over-ridden. Substations providing the power are remotely controlled from an operational control centre.
  26. ^ By the time the K Line opens, manual mode will be required from Aviation/Century to Expo/Crenshaw due to grade crossings and street running. The K Line will overlap most of the C Line east of Aviation/LAX.
  27. ^ Switch to automatic control while operating in the Market Street Subway and in the Twin Peaks Tunnel. The operator manages the doors in-station and pilots the vehicle when running aboveground.
  28. ^ Has an automated mode, where the driver is responsible for opening and closing of doors and of overriding the system. However, the system has been operating in manual mode since the June 2009 Washington Metro train collision, and plans are to operate in manual mode until newer railcars are delivered.[30]
  29. ^ Only CR400BF-C trainsets support ATO.
  30. ^ Newer trains (since 2019) use an on-board system jointly developed by CASCO and Hitachi Rail STS. Interoperable with both CBTC and the existing track circuit based signal system.[36]
  31. ^ Same system as Paris RER line A
  32. ^ Uses signalling systems supplied by Alstom.
  33. ^ Uses LZB 700 signalling systems supplied by Siemens.
  34. ^ Line partially opened
  35. ^ A continuation of the Kobe Municipal Subway Seishin-Yamate Line.
  36. ^ ATO trialled from October 1967 until February 1968; trains now operated in manual mode.
  37. ^ ATO previously trialled from October 1973 until July 1974.
  38. ^ A continuation of the Tokyo Metro Namboku Line.
  39. ^ Previously used ATO from 1976 until 1990.
  40. ^ World's first railway system to use fuzzy logic to control the speed of trains.
  41. ^ Main line converted to ATO in 2010, but Hōnanchō branch continues to use ATC/TASC
  42. ^ ATO trialled during the 1960s. Trains now operated in manual mode.
  43. ^ Older trains still drive in manual mode
  44. ^ Driver on standby and will drive the train when ATO malfunctions or is not available.
  45. ^ Utilizes the SelTrac system with driver on board in case of emergencies.
  46. ^ Uses a modified version of Toronto subway's H6 subway model made by Bombardier Transportation and configured for driverless operation.
  47. ^ Uses the same system as Munich with fully driverless turning at some terminuses.
  48. ^ Line B is partly automated.
  49. ^ Including Länsimetro/Västmetron extension, has had various attempts at automation since the 1970s.
  50. ^ To be converted to GoA4
  51. ^ Driver operates the doors and handles emergency situations, accelerating and braking is fully automated, but just between the 22 underground stations. Outside the underground stations the driver operates the train manual.
  52. ^ Driver operates the doors and handles emergency situations, accelerating and braking is fully automated; a fully driverless turning at terminus stations is planned.
  53. ^ Between Empalme and Torrent stations
  54. ^ Between Les Carolines-Fira and Torrent stations
  55. ^ A member of staff opens & closes the train doors monitors the train and fixes faults on board. Drivers drive the trains on Sundays and Bank holidays. All shunt moves are made by the drivers and whenever the train stops for fail safe reasons such as excess wheel spin or sliding the driver takes over; at other times trains are computer driven.
  56. ^ A member of staff opens & closes the train doors, drives the train on Sundays, fixes faults.[42]
  57. ^ A driver operates the doors and presses buttons to start the train, the train is driven manually on Sundays, and can be driven in manual outside of peak hours.
  58. ^ Between St Pancras and Blackfriars stations
  59. ^ System is currently operating on Line 2, with upgrading of the other 2 lines to be fully completed by 2021.
  60. ^ GoA4
  61. ^ Expected to have ATC/ATO implemented on the Yonge–University–Spadina Line by 2019 and the Bloor–Danforth Line, funding permitting, by 2030.[46][47]
  62. ^ Between Mount Dennis and Laird stations
  63. ^ UTO system jointly developed by Thales Group and Shanghai Electric.[57]
  64. ^ Jump up to: a b UTO Fully driverless system.
  65. ^ Conversion from manual to driverless operation
  66. ^ Demonstration line originally built for the 1967 World's Fair.
  67. ^ Maglev train in West-Berlin in operation from 1989 to 1991. It closed when a metro line, on which the M-Bahn's route partly lay, was scheduled to reopen. The metro line was closed in 1961 when the Berlin Wall erected, because it crossed the border.
  68. ^ Driverless shuttle connecting two buildings of Narita Airport Terminal 2.
  69. ^ Tiny, driverless, mail-only subway connecting main post offices and railway terminals in London.
  70. ^ Private electrified automated coal carrying railroad. Dismantled in 2004.

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